{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T22:36:23Z","timestamp":1793226983238,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Osteoarthritis is a common cause of equine lameness and can involve periarticular osteophytes and subchondral bone (SB) changes. This exploratory ex vivo study evaluated the diagnostic performance of digital tomosynthesis (DT) for detecting these findings in the distal interphalangeal and metacarpophalangeal joints, using computed tomography (CT) classifications as the reference. Sixteen distal forelimbs from nine adult horses underwent imaging with both modalities under simulated weight-bearing conditions. Three independent observers graded osteophytes and SB changes, and the scores were dichotomised as absent or present for analysis. The primary analysis used a majority-based CT reference, defined by agreement of at least two observers. Observer-specific comparisons and within-observer DT\u2013CT agreement were evaluated in a secondary analysis. In the primary analysis, sensitivity ranged from 23.1% (95% CI 9.5\u201339.3%) to 34.6% (95% CI 13.8\u201356.0%), specificity from 94.1% to 96.1%, Youden\u2019s index from 19.2% to 30.7%, and Cohen\u2019s \u03ba from 0.249 to 0.377. Sensitivity was numerically higher for osteophytes than for SB changes for all three observers, without formal comparison. DT missed many CT-positive assessments but produced few false-positive classifications. Studies in live horses comparing DT with conventional radiography are needed to determine its additional diagnostic value.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16182971","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T16:06:51Z","timestamp":1790006811000},"page":"2971","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Diagnostic Performance of Digital Tomosynthesis for Detecting Osteophytes and Subchondral Bone Changes in the Equine Distal Interphalangeal and Metacarpophalangeal Joints"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1565-0421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alisa","family":"Hahn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Clinic, Veterinary Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Vald\u00e9s V\u00e1zquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital de Referencia La Equina, Apdo. 110, Camino de Martagina Km 1, 29692 Manilva, M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8548-669X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel","family":"Manso-D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro, s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6442-3449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dagmar","family":"Berner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Referral Hospital, Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Maia Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital de Referencia La Equina, Apdo. 110, Camino de Martagina Km 1, 29692 Manilva, M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0064-1708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcus G.","family":"Doherr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, K\u00f6nigsweg 67, 14163 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph J.","family":"Lischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Clinic, Veterinary Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1136\/inpract.22.10.594","article-title":"Drugs used to treat osteoarthritis in the horse","volume":"22","author":"Clegg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pract."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1302\/2046-3758.111.2000132","article-title":"The horse as a model of naturally occurring osteoarthritis","volume":"1","author":"McIlwraith","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bone Jt. 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