{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T17:03:52Z","timestamp":1790183032646,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (MAFRA), the Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT), and the Rural Development Administration","award":["RS-2025-02305747"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2025-02305747"]}]},{"award":["RS-2025-02305747"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2025-02305747"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03xs9yg50","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Reliable individual tracking supports animal behavior monitoring in precision livestock farming. However, tracking cattle using a single camera in high-density barns is challenging because of frequent occlusion, scale variation, and irregular movement. This study presents a lightweight multi-object tracking framework for densely housed Hanwoo cattle, combining a Hanwoo-trained YOLOv8n detector with appearance-free BoT-SORT association. Frame sampling reduces the detection workload, while an offline Multi-Temporal Window Repair (MTW-Repair) procedure reconnects fragmented trajectories. The framework was evaluated using short annotated video clips and a continuous 215 min barn recording. In the short clips, appearance-free BoT-SORT outperformed ByteTrack while maintaining comparable throughput, and MTW-Repair reduced identity switches across all evaluated frame-sampling intervals. In the long recording, MTW-Repair reduced the total number of generated identities for both trackers. Manual verification of 50 randomly sampled ByteTrack merge events yielded a merge precision of 84.0%. Appearance-based re-identification offered only marginal accuracy gains at a higher computational cost. These findings support the potential of frame sampling and offline trajectory repair for computationally efficient cattle monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16193000","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T16:10:31Z","timestamp":1790179831000},"page":"3000","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multi-Object Tracking of Korean Cattle (Hanwoo) in High-Density Barns Using Multi-Temporal Window Repair (MTW-Repair)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5061-0089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seong-hun","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Smart Farm, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7481-9276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dae-Yeong","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Smart Farm, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8031-7240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Ismail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bio-Systems Engineering, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3595-2186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oluwasegun Moses","family":"Ogundele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bio-Systems Engineering, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Dasanayaka Lekamalage Vindya Sathsarani","family":"Dasanayaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Smart Farm, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0788-1536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyeon-Tae","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bio-Industrial Machinery Engineering, Institute of Smart Space Agriculture (ISSA), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sftr.2026.101879","article-title":"Exploring Consumer Perceptions of Animal Welfare and the Role of Knowledge in Intensive Dairy Cattle Farming Systems","volume":"11","author":"Mazzocchi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sustain. 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