{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:55:02Z","timestamp":1792788902068,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Complutense University of Madrid","award":["Innova Project 168\/2020-2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Innova Project 168\/2020-2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02p0gd045","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["Innova Project 168\/2020-2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Innova Project 168\/2020-2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02p0gd045","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pseudopus apodus is an anguimorph lizard belonging to the order Squamata. Anatomical information on this species remains limited, particularly regarding soft tissues, and has primarily focused on the axial skeleton of both living and fossil specimens. Recently, the anatomy of its coelomic cavity has been described using dissection and multi-detector computed tomography (CT), and its brain has been characterized neuroanatomically by combining ultra-high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with histological analysis using immunofluorescence. In the present study, four specimens (one female and three males) were examined. One male and the female were scanned using a low-field MRI system (0.23 T), whereas all three males were scanned using a high-field MRI system (1.5 T). Both MRI systems enabled the identification of a wide range of hard and soft anatomical structures. Only a few small structures could not be consistently identified with the low-field system, including the thyroid gland, spleen, pancreas, testes, and hemipenes. Despite the lower field strength, small ovarian follicles and the optic nerves were clearly visualized with the low-field MRI system. This study provides the first whole-body MRI anatomical reference for Pseudopus apodus, complements previous CT-based anatomical studies, and offers practical information for the interpretation of MRI examinations in reptiles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16193007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T08:06:37Z","timestamp":1790237197000},"page":"3007","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["MRI Anatomy of Pseudopus apodus: A Descriptive Study with High-Field and Low-Field MRI"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Mar\u00eda Isabel","family":"Garc\u00eda-Real","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University, Avenida Puerta de Hierro s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7433-5976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Encarnaci\u00f3n","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Valle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICTS Bioimagen Complutense, Complutense University, Paseo de Juan XXIII 1, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9080-7868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Castej\u00f3n-Ferrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICTS Bioimagen Complutense, Complutense University, Paseo de Juan XXIII 1, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5578-192X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nerea","family":"Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University, Avenida Jos\u00e9 Antonio Nov\u00e1is 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8897-9134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pilar","family":"P\u00e9rez-Lloret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Section of Anatomy and Embriology, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University, Avenida Puerta de Hierro s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Scientific Park of the University of the Basque Country (UPV\/EHU), Leioa, 48940 Bilbao, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Raquel","family":"Salg\u00fcero-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University, Avenida Puerta de Hierro s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Veterios Hospital Veterinario, Arrastaria 23, 28022 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Miguel Angel","family":"Cabezas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University, Avenida Puerta de Hierro s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Dolorvet Veterinary Anesthesia & Analgesia, 28009 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6375-2459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Ardiaca-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medivet 24 Horas Los Sauces, Chamberi. Calle de Sta Engracia, 63, Chamber\u00ed, 28010 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9","family":"Ruiz-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DB Diagn\u00f3stico por Imagen Veterinario (DIAGERVET S.L.), C\/Tordesillas 4, Alcorc\u00f3n, 28925 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2854-9532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juncal","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Soriano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Section of Anatomy and Embriology, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University, Avenida Puerta de Hierro s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.37828\/em.2018.19.1","article-title":"Sexual Dimorphism in Pseudopus apodus (Reptilia: Sauria: Anguidae) from the Steppe Crimea","volume":"19","author":"Kukushkin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecol. Monten."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.22854","article-title":"Comparative Anatomy of the Lower Jaw and Dentition of Pseudopus apodus and the Interrelationships of Species of Subfamily Anguinae (Anguimorpha, Anguidae)","volume":"297","author":"Klembara","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23532","article-title":"Skull Anatomy and Ontogeny of Legless Lizard Pseudopus apodus (Pallas, 1775): Heterochronic Influences on Form","volume":"300","author":"Klembara","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23944","article-title":"Vertebral Comparative Anatomy and Morphological Differences in Anguine Lizards with a Special Reference to Pseudopus apodus","volume":"302","author":"Yaryhin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2290","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.24851","article-title":"Comparative Anatomy and Ontogeny of Appendicular Skeleton of Pseudopus apodus (Pallas, 1775) (Anguimorpha, Anguidae) and a Pattern of Hindlimb Loss in Anguinae","volume":"305","author":"Klembara","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3897\/vz.68.e32216","article-title":"Variability in Pulmonary Reduction and Asymmetry in a Serpentiform Lizard: The Sheltopusik, Pseudopus apodus (Pallas, 1775)","volume":"68","author":"Lambertz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vertebr. Zool."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.25566","article-title":"Bioimaging of Sense Organs and the Central Nervous System in Extant Fishes and Reptiles In Situ: A Review","volume":"309","author":"Collin","year":"2026","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvex.2024.07.012","article-title":"Diagnostic Imaging for Assessment of the Endocrine System in Exotic Animals","volume":"28","author":"Doden","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Exot. Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvex.2016.11.003","article-title":"Diagnostic Imaging of Reproductive Tract Disorders in Reptiles","volume":"20","author":"Gumpenberger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Exot. Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvex.2019.08.007","article-title":"Diagnostic Imaging of the Reptile Urinary System","volume":"23","author":"Schmidt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Exot. Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.101450","article-title":"A Review of Diagnostic Imaging of Snakes and Lizards","volume":"173","author":"Banzato","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1643\/0045-8511(2000)2000[0265:NHFMBI]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Noninvasive High Field MRI Brain Imaging of the Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis)","volume":"2000","author":"Anderson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Copeia"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.67.8.1347","article-title":"Sectional Anatomic and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Features of Coelomic Structures of Loggerhead Sea Turtles","volume":"67","author":"Valente","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.73.8.1119","article-title":"Sectional Anatomic and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Features of the Head of Juvenile Loggerhead Sea Turtles (Caretta caretta)","volume":"73","author":"Arencibia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.5818\/1529-9651-22.3.107","article-title":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Cross-Sectional Anatomy of the Coelomic Cavity in a Red-Eared Slider (Trachemys scripta elegans) and Yellow-Bellied Sliders (Trachemys scripta scripta)","volume":"22","author":"Summa","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Herpetol. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2511","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.24480","article-title":"A 3D MRI-Based Atlas of a Lizard Brain","volume":"526","author":"Hoops","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-020-02028-3","article-title":"A Three-Dimensional Digital Atlas of the Nile Crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) Forebrain","volume":"225","author":"Billings","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-021-02282-z","article-title":"A Fully Segmented 3D Anatomical Atlas of a Lizard Brain","volume":"226","author":"Hoops","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Foss, K.D., Keller, K.A., Kehoe, S.P., and Sutton, B.P. (2022). Establishing an MRI-Based Protocol and Atlas of the Bearded Dragon (Pogona vitticeps) Brain. Front. Vet. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.886333"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13670","article-title":"Anatomy of the Heart of the Leatherback Turtle","volume":"241","author":"Jensen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez Rodr\u00edguez, E., Encinoso Quintana, M., Morales Bordon, D., Garc\u00e9s, J.G., Artiles Nuez, H., and Jaber, J.R. (2023). Anatomical Description of Rhinoceros Iguana (Cyclura cornuta cornuta) Head by Computed Tomography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Gross-Sections. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13060955"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-024-02788-2","article-title":"Comparative MRI Analysis of the Forebrain of Three Sauropsida Models","volume":"229","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-025-02940-6","article-title":"Neuroimaging and Immunofluorescence of the Pseudopus apodus Brain: Unraveling Its Structural Complexity","volume":"230","author":"Morona","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arencibia, A., Meli\u00e1n, A., and Or\u00f3s, J. (2026). Anatomic Interactive Atlas of the Loggerhead Sea Turtle (Caretta caretta) Coelomic Cavity. Animals, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16050754"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70131","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.70131","article-title":"High-Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging Features of the Coelomic Organs in Three Species of Chelonians","volume":"67","author":"Vetere","year":"2026","journal-title":"Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70099","DOI":"10.1111\/ahe.70099","article-title":"MRI Anatomy of the Coelomic Cavity of the European Pond Turtle","volume":"55","author":"Zehtabvar","year":"2026","journal-title":"Anat. Histol. Embryol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.2463\/mrms.3.27","article-title":"Utilization of Low-Field MR Scanners","volume":"3","author":"Hayashi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2010.01780.x","article-title":"Pros and Cons of Low-Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Veterinary Practice","volume":"52","author":"Konar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejro.2022.100467","article-title":"Imaging Techniques in Veterinary Medicine. Part II: Computed Tomography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Nuclear Medicine","volume":"10","author":"Greco","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol. Open"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Real, M.I., Fern\u00e1ndez-Valle, E., Jim\u00e9nez, S., Ruiz-Fern\u00e1ndez, M.J., Castej\u00f3n-Ferrer, D., Montesinos-Barcel\u00f3, A., Ardiaca-Garc\u00eda, M., Moreno, N., and Gonz\u00e1lez-Soriano, J. (2025). Pseudopus apodus Soft Tissue Anatomy Based on Comparison of Classical Dissection and Multi-Detector Computed Tomography. Animals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15050615"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"European Parliament, and Council of the European Union (2010). Directive 2010\/63\/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2010 on the Protection of Animals Used for Scientific Purposes. Off. J. Eur. Union, L276, 33\u201379."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Mader, D.R., and Divers, S.J. (2014). Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Current Therapy in Reptile Medicine and Surgery, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01760401","article-title":"Application of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Reptile Medicine","volume":"1","author":"Kuoni","year":"1993","journal-title":"MAGMA"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1638\/2008-0030.1","article-title":"Compressive Myelopathy of the Cervical Spine in Komodo Dragons (Varanus komodoensis)","volume":"40","author":"Zimmerman","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Zoo Wildl. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvex.2008.10.001","article-title":"Reptile Cardiology","volume":"12","author":"Mitchell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Exot. Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"jeb206714","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.206714","article-title":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Reveals High Cardiac Ejection Fractions in Red-Footed Tortoises (Chelonoidis carbonarius)","volume":"222","author":"Williams","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Soldt, B.J., Metscher, B.D., Poelmann, R.E., Vervust, B., Vonk, F.J., M\u00fcller, G.B., and Richardson, M.K. (2015). Heterochrony and Early Left-Right Asymmetry in the Development of the Cardiorespiratory System of Snakes. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0116416"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1053\/saep.2001.24676","article-title":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Chelonians","volume":"10","author":"Straub","year":"2001","journal-title":"Semin. Avian Exot. Pet Med."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"275","article-title":"Comparative Use of Modern Imaging Techniques for the Diagnosis of Pneumonia in Three Indian Pythons (Python molurus)","volume":"34","author":"Pees","year":"2006","journal-title":"Tier\u00e4rztl. Prax. K. Kleintiere Heimtiere"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvex.2011.03.010","article-title":"Respiratory Medicine of Reptiles","volume":"14","author":"Schumacher","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Exot. Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvex.2021.01.002","article-title":"Diagnostic Imaging of the Respiratory Tract of the Reptile Patient","volume":"24","author":"Gumpenberger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Exot. Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e60","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.60","article-title":"Pulmonary anatomy in the Nile crocodile and the evolution of unidirectional airflow in Archosauria","volume":"1","author":"Schachner","year":"2013","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20230418","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2023.0418","article-title":"Unidirectional airflow, air sacs or the horizontal septum: What does it take to make a bird lung?","volume":"380","author":"Schachner","year":"2025","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvex.2005.01.008","article-title":"Clinical Reptile Gastroenterology","volume":"8","author":"Mitchell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Exot. Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.2754\/avb201180030243","article-title":"Hepatocellular Carcinoma in a Green Iguana: A Case Study","volume":"80","author":"Knotek","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Brno"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvex.2024.11.003","article-title":"Reptile and Amphibian Gastroenterology","volume":"28","author":"Hedley","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Exot. Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"189","article-title":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Computerized Tomography of a Gravid Leopard Tortoise (Geochelone pardalis pardalis) with Metabolic Bone Disease","volume":"28","author":"Raiti","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Zoo Wildl. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2004.225.1428","article-title":"Evaluation of Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Detection of Internal Tumors in Green Turtles with Cutaneous Fibropapillomatosis","volume":"225","author":"Croft","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2010.04.022","article-title":"Characterization of Fecal Hormone Patterns Associated with the Reproductive Cycle in Female Veiled Chameleons (Chamaeleo calyptratus)","volume":"168","author":"Kummrow","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Krautwald-Junghanns, M.-E., Pees, M., and Reese, S. (2010). Reptiles. Diagnostic Imaging of Exotic Pets: Birds, Small Mammals, Reptiles, Schl\u00fctersche."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vas.2020.100150","article-title":"Virtopsy of a Gravid Boa constrictor Using Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"10","author":"Gascho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Anim. Sci."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/19\/3007\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T04:18:58Z","timestamp":1790396338000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/19\/3007"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ani16193007"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani16193007","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]}}}