{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:57:34Z","timestamp":1792789054174,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790380800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ricardo Delgado Vizca\u00edno Foundation","award":["12023007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12023007"]}]},{"name":"European Union \u201cNextGenerationEU\u201d\/PRTR","award":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/019w4f821","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/019w4f821","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ovine Respiratory Complex (ORC) is a major cause of lamb mortality in intensive and semi-intensive sheep production systems. Its multifactorial etiology, involving bacterial and viral pathogens together with host and environmental factors, complicates disease control and limits the effectiveness of conventional preventive measures. Although respiratory pathogens are commonly detected in healthy lambs, their contribution to mortality at different production stages remains poorly understood. This study evaluated the relationships between respiratory pathogens and lamb mortality using canonical multivariate analysis. A total of 200 bronchoalveolar lavage samples were collected from apparently healthy lambs aged 50\u201360 days during winter (n = 80) and summer (n = 120) on 10 commercial sheep farms in southwestern Spain. Samples were analyzed by real-time PCR for the detection of major bacterial and viral respiratory pathogens, and mortality records from farms and feedlots during 2022\u20132023 were incorporated into the analysis. A high herd-level prevalence was detected for Pasteurella multocida, Mannheimia haemolytica, Bibersteinia trehalosi, and Mesomycoplasma ovipneumoniae, whereas Histophilus somni, Orf virus, and parainfluenza virus type 3 showed intermediate prevalence. No significant seasonal differences were observed in pathogen prevalence. ORC-associated pathogens accounted for approximately 20% of the variance in mortality, suggesting that non-infectious factors also play an important role in lamb losses. Canonical analysis identified stage-specific multivariate patterns, with M. ovipneumoniae and P. multocida contributing most strongly to the canonical dimension characterized by on-farm mortality, whereas M. haemolytica, together with P. multocida and parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV3), contributed most strongly to the dimension characterized by feedlot mortality.These findings improve our understanding of the epidemiology of ORC and support the development of targeted surveillance, prevention, effective vaccination of ewes against the serotypes circulating within farms, and management strategies to reduce lamb mortality, improve animal welfare, and enhance the sustainability of sheep production.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16193028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T10:00:34Z","timestamp":1790589634000},"page":"3028","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Stage-Specific Associations Between Respiratory Pathogens and Mortality in Sheep: A Multivariate Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8516-8384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Romero-Salmoral","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Health Research Group: Diagnosis and Control of Diseases (SANDYC), Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n Competitiva (UIC) Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Department of Animal Health, International Excellence Agrifood Campus \u2018CeiA3\u2019, University of C\u00f3rdoba, 14071 C\u00f3rdoba, C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Manuela","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of I+D+I, Centro Tecnol\u00f3gico de Investigaci\u00f3n Agroalimentaria (CICAP), 14400 Pozoblanco, C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Francisco Javier","family":"Navas Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, International Excellence Agrifood Campus \u2018CeiA3\u2019, University of C\u00f3rdoba, 14071 C\u00f3rdoba, C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Tarradas Iglesias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Health Research Group: Diagnosis and Control of Diseases (SANDYC), Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n Competitiva (UIC) Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Department of Animal Health, International Excellence Agrifood Campus \u2018CeiA3\u2019, University of C\u00f3rdoba, 14071 C\u00f3rdoba, C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1110-7722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Belen","family":"Huerta Lorenzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Health Research Group: Diagnosis and Control of Diseases (SANDYC), Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n Competitiva (UIC) Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Department of Animal Health, International Excellence Agrifood Campus \u2018CeiA3\u2019, University of C\u00f3rdoba, 14071 C\u00f3rdoba, C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1838-2636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Inmaculada","family":"Luque Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Health Research Group: Diagnosis and Control of Diseases (SANDYC), Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n Competitiva (UIC) Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Department of Animal Health, International Excellence Agrifood Campus \u2018CeiA3\u2019, University of C\u00f3rdoba, 14071 C\u00f3rdoba, C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4278-8209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"Boyer-Bustamante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Doctoral School in Agri-Food (eidA3), Rabanales University Campus, University of Cordoba, 14071 C\u00f3rdoba, C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Jurado-Martos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of I+D+I, Centro Tecnol\u00f3gico de Investigaci\u00f3n Agroalimentaria (CICAP), 14400 Pozoblanco, C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.2111\/07-135.1","article-title":"Sustainability in Spanish extensive farms (Dehesas): An indicator-based evaluation","volume":"62","author":"Gaspar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rangel. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, S.R., Sacarr\u00e3o-Birrento, L., Almeida, M., Ribeiro, D.M., Guedes, C., Gonz\u00e1lez Monta\u00f1a, J.R., Pereira, A.F., Zaralis, K., Geraldo, A., and Tzamaloukas, O. (2022). Extensive Sheep and Goat Production: The Role of Novel Technologies towards Sustainability and Animal Welfare. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12070885"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2016.02.020","article-title":"Lamb feedlot production in Spain: Health issues","volume":"142","author":"Bello","year":"2016","journal-title":"Small Rumin. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2019.104693","article-title":"Exploring the importance of mixed autogenous vaccines as determinants of lung consolidation in lambs using Bayesian networks","volume":"169","author":"Galapero","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2019.03.004","article-title":"Significance of respiratory diseases in the health management of sheep","volume":"181","author":"Lacasta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Small Rumin. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2019.07.013","article-title":"Predisposing factors inducing ovine respiratory complex in intensive-reared lambs","volume":"180","author":"Navarro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Small Rumin. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"30","article-title":"Ruminant pneumonic pasteurellosis: Review on epidemiology, pathogenesis and virulence mechanism","volume":"6","author":"Tadesse","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acad. J. Anim. Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2022.03.001","article-title":"High-risk cattle management and stocker calf health: Modulation of the bovine respiratory microbiome from a systems perspective","volume":"38","author":"Credille","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2017.09.061","article-title":"Bacterial, PCR and clinico-pathological diagnosis of naturally occurring pneumonic pasturellosis (mannheimiosis) during subtropical climate in sheep","volume":"112","author":"Hussain","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2024.105383","article-title":"Analysis of nasopharyngeal microbiota revealing microbial disturbance associated with ovine respiratory complex","volume":"179","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Getnet, K., Abera, B., Getie, H., Molla, W., Mekonnen, S.A., Megistu, B.A., Abat, A.S., Dejene, H., Birhan, M., and Ibrahim, S.M. (2022). Serotyping and seroprevalence of Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, and Bibersteinia trehalosi and assessment of determinants of ovine pasteurellosis in West Amhara Sub-region, Ethiopia. Front. Vet. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.866206"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"139","article-title":"A review on pneumonic pasteurellosis (respiratory mannheimiosis) with emphasis on pathogenesis, virulence mechanisms and predisposing factors","volume":"11","author":"Mohamed","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bulg. J. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2004.36425","article-title":"Pneumonic lesions in lambs in New Zealand: Patterns of prevalence and effects on production","volume":"52","author":"Goodwin","year":"2004","journal-title":"N. Z. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"53","article-title":"Biological characterisation and pathogenicity of a Pasteurella multocida isolate from sheep in Morocco","volume":"11","author":"Boumart","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Agric. Sci. Technol. A"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2012.08.029","article-title":"Role of Bibersteinia trehalosi, respiratory syncytial virus, and parainfluenza-3 virus in bighorn sheep pneumonia","volume":"162","author":"Dassanayake","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.7589\/2016-05-097","article-title":"How respiratory pathogens contribute to lamb mortality in a poorly performing bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) herd","volume":"53","author":"Wood","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Cebra, C.K., and Cebra, M.L. (2024). Diseases of the respiratory system. Sheep Veterinary Practice, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjm.2017.12.008","article-title":"Histophilus somni-associated syndromes in sheep from southern Brazil","volume":"49","author":"Headley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hashem, Y.M., Mousa, W.S., Abdeen, E.E., Abdelkhalek, H.M., Nooruzzaman, M., El-Askary, A., Ismail, K.A., Megahed, A.M., Abdeen, A., and Soliman, E.A. (2022). Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Mycoplasma Species, Pasteurella multocida, and Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Calves with Respiratory Manifestations. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12030312"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"48","article-title":"Respiratory diseases in sheep","volume":"7","author":"Thompson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Pract. Today"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2024-25199","article-title":"Herd-level occurrence and risk factors associated with respiratory and enteric pathogens from dairy calves in Ontario: A cross-sectional study","volume":"108","author":"Winder","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salgado Pardo, J.I., Navas Gonz\u00e1lez, F.J., Gonz\u00e1lez Ariza, A., Le\u00f3n Jurado, J.M., Gal\u00e1n Luque, I., Delgado Bermejo, J.V., and Camacho Vallejo, M.E. (2023). Study of Meat and Carcass Quality-Related Traits in Turkey Populations through Discriminant Canonical Analysis. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12203828"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Bailey, R.G. (2009). Ecosystem Geography: From Ecoregions to Sites, Springer."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"109","article-title":"Epidemiological and clinical studies on respiratory affections of sheep","volume":"5","author":"Zaghawa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Glob. Vet."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2008.04.003","article-title":"Bronchoalveolar lavage: Sampling and cytologic interpretation","volume":"24","author":"Hoffman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Equine Pract."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Thompson, B. (1980, January 7\u201311). Canonical correlation: Recent extensions for modelling educational processes. Proceedings of the Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association (AERA), Boston, MA, USA."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J., and Anderson, R.E. (2019). Multivariate Data Analysis, Cengage Learning. [8th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Mohd Razali, N., and Bee Wah, Y. (2010). Power comparisons of some selected normality tests. Proceedings of the Regional Conference on Statistical Sciences 2010 (RCSS\u201910), Malaysia Institute of Statistics, Faculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM)."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mar\u00edn Navas, C., Delgado Bermejo, J.V., McLean, A.K., Le\u00f3n Jurado, J.M., Camacho Vallejo, M.E., and Navas Gonz\u00e1lez, F.J. (2024). Modeling Climate Change Effects on Genetic Diversity of an Endangered Horse Breed Using Canonical Correlations. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14050659"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117065","article-title":"Permutation inference for canonical correlation analysis","volume":"220","author":"Winkler","year":"2020","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1080\/1828051X.2021.1933629","article-title":"Age-related linear and nonlinear modelling of semen quality parameters in Miranda donkeys","volume":"20","author":"Quaresma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ital. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mar\u00edn Navas, C., Delgado Bermejo, J.V., McLean, A.K., Le\u00f3n Jurado, J.M., Rodriguez de la Borbolla y Ruiberriz de Torres, A., and Navas Gonz\u00e1lez, F.J. (2021). Discriminant Canonical Analysis of the Contribution of Spanish and Arabian Purebred Horses to the Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Hispano-Arabian Horses. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11020269"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Tabachnick, B.G., and Fidell, L.S. (2007). Using Multivariate Statistics, Pearson Education, Inc.. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2202\/1544-6115.1406","article-title":"Sparse canonical correlation analysis with application to genomic data integration","volume":"8","author":"Parkhomenko","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stat. Appl. Genet. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Profillidis, V.A., and Botzoris, G.N. (2018). Modeling of Transport Demand: Analyzing, Calculating, and Forecasting Transport Demand, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-811513-8.00003-0"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gil-Lebrero, S., Navas Gonz\u00e1lez, F.J., G\u00e1miz L\u00f3pez, V., Quiles Latorre, F.J., and Flores Serrano, J.M. (2020). Regulation of Microclimatic Conditions inside Native Beehives and Its Relationship with Climate in Southern Spain. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12166431"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.83.4.579","article-title":"On choosing a test statistic in multivariate analysis of variance","volume":"83","author":"Olson","year":"1976","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327906mbr3004_4","article-title":"K-fold cross-validation in canonical analysis","volume":"30","author":"Liang","year":"1995","journal-title":"Multivar. Behav. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jung, K., Bae, D.-H., Um, M.-J., Kim, S., Jeon, S., and Park, D. (2020). Evaluation of Nitrate Load Estimations Using Neural Networks and Canonical Correlation Analysis with K-Fold Cross-Validation. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12010400"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"1","article-title":"CCA: An R package to extend canonical correlation analysis","volume":"23","author":"Martin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rohart, F., Gautier, B., Singh, A., and L\u00ea Cao, K.-A. (2017). mixOmics: An R package for \u2019omics feature selection and multiple data integration. PLoS Comput. Biol., 13.","DOI":"10.1101\/108597"},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez, I., L\u00ea Cao, K.-A., and D\u00e9jean, S. (2026, April 10). Estimate the Parameters of Regularization for Regularized CCA. mixOmics R Package Documentation. Available online: https:\/\/rdrr.io\/bioc\/mixOmics\/man\/tune.rcc.html."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0381-5-19","article-title":"Visualising associations between paired \u2019omics\u2019 data sets","volume":"5","author":"Davis","year":"2012","journal-title":"BioData Min."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012","article-title":"A Guideline of Selecting and Reporting Intraclass Correlation Coefficients for Reliability Research","volume":"15","author":"Koo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Chiropr. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-5150-pvb-6315","article-title":"Bacteria isolated from the lower respiratory tract of sheep and their relationship to clinical signs of sheep respiratory disease","volume":"39","author":"Franco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pesqui. Vet. Bras."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maksimovi\u0107, Z., Rifatbegovi\u0107, M., Loria, G.R., and Nicholas, R.A.J. (2022). Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae: A Most Variable Pathogen. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11121477"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(01)00361-3","article-title":"Survival of Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica in tracheobronchial washings of sheep and cattle","volume":"81","author":"Rowe","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"593","article-title":"The pathologic and bacteriologic comparison of pneumonia in lambs","volume":"30","year":"2006","journal-title":"Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1803.111554","article-title":"Causes of pneumonia epizootics among bighorn sheep, western United States, 2008\u20132010","volume":"18","author":"Besser","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2010.04.011","article-title":"Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae can predispose bighorn sheep to fatal Mannheimia haemolytica pneumonia","volume":"145","author":"Dassanayake","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7589\/2012-09-225","article-title":"PCR assay detects Mannheimia haemolytica in culture-negative pneumonic lung tissues of bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) from outbreaks in the western USA, 2009\u20132010","volume":"50","author":"Shanthalingam","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1007\/s00580-019-02916-z","article-title":"Pathology, isolation and characterisation of virulent and diverse Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida associated with fatal pneumonia in sheep, Rajasthan, India","volume":"28","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comp. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2019.09.002","article-title":"Epidemiology of ovine respiratory complex in lambs","volume":"179","author":"Navarro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Small Rumin. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.31797\/vetbio.976306","article-title":"Investigation of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and parainfluenza-3 (PI-3) virus by histopathological and immunohistochemical methods in sheep and goat","volume":"7","author":"Terzi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Adv. VetBio Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2024.107269","article-title":"A Randomized Controlled Trial Investigating the Effectiveness of a Commercial Pneumonia Vaccine (Part II): Weaned Lambs","volume":"234","author":"Gardner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Small Rumin. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29050","DOI":"10.1038\/srep29050","article-title":"The upper respiratory tract microbiome and its potential role in bovine respiratory disease and otitis media","volume":"6","author":"Lima","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/19\/3028\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T10:16:18Z","timestamp":1790590578000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/19\/3028"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ani16193028"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani16193028","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]]}}}