{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T11:00:04Z","timestamp":1790593204400,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790380800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Porcine respiratory disease complex remains a challenge for pig production, and slaughterhouse lung inspection provides a tool for respiratory health monitoring. This study investigated the occurrence, severity, temporal trends, and anatomical distribution of enzootic pneumonia-like lung lesions in Hungarian slaughter pigs between 2018 and 2022 and evaluated associations with farm size. Of the 13,535 lungs examined, 13,499 with complete lobe-level data were analysed using the Madec scoring system, based on 174 slaughterhouse examinations across 38 farms. Zero-inflated mixed-effects models with a negative binomial distribution were used to analyse lesion occurrence and lesion scores. EP-like lesions (Madec score \u2265 1) occurred in 25.3% of lungs, declining from 57.4% in 2018 to 8.6% in 2022, and mean Madec scores decreased from 2.7 to 0.3. Most lungs (91.0%) scored between 0 and 4, whereas 9.0% had moderate-to-severe lesions (scores 5\u201328). Lesions were most frequent and severe in the cardiac and apical lobes and showed greater involvement of the right-sided lobes. Farm size was not significantly associated with either model component, although structural zero probabilities were lowest for small and highest for large farms. Structural-zero probability increased over time, indicating that declining overall Madec scores mainly reflected structural zeros rather than conditional-score changes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16193033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T10:00:34Z","timestamp":1790589634000},"page":"3033","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Occurrence, Severity and Temporal Trends of Enzootic Pneumonia-like Lung Lesions in Hungarian Slaughter Pigs, 2018\u20132022: Insights from Zero-Inflated Mixed-Effects Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Bettina","family":"Paszerbovics","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, 1078 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P\u00e9ter","family":"M\u00e1t\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Practitioner, H-7630 Pecs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8003-1645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Harnos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, 1078 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5568-7319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L\u00e1szl\u00f3","family":"\u00d3zsv\u00e1ri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Forensics and Economics, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, 1078 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brogden, K.A., and Guthmiller, J.M. 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