{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T04:57:11Z","timestamp":1790744231266,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003627","name":"Rural Development Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2026-25501474"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2026-25501474"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003627","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["RS-2026-25501474"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2026-25501474"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03xs9yg50","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Seoul ANCHOR center","award":["2026-ANCHOR-01-001-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026-ANCHOR-01-001-04"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work aimed to determine the energy values and digestibility of amino acids (AA) in full-fat almonds, to estimate phosphorus (P) digestibility in full-fat almonds, and to calculate the replacement value of full-fat almonds in pig diets. In experiment 1, the digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) of full-fat almonds were determined using six barrows (34.5 \u00b1 2.0 kg) housed in individual metabolism cages. A basal diet containing corn, soybean meal, and soybean oil was used, and the almond diet was formulated by replacing the energy sources in the basal diet with full-fat almonds at 10%. In experiment 2, AA digestibility was determined using six barrows (28.9 \u00b1 1.0 kg) fitted with a T-cannula in the distal ileum. A cornstarch-based diet containing full-fat almonds as the sole AA source was used. The DE and ME of full-fat almonds were 4370 and 4320 kcal\/kg (standard error = 276 and 300). The standardized ileal digestibility values of Lys, Met, Thr, and Trp in full-fat almonds were 95.2%, 61.6%, 69.4%, and 101.3% (standard error = 9.2 to 10.7). The standardized total tract digestibility of P in full-fat almonds was estimated to be 69.3% (standard error = 4.5). When full-fat almonds (0.400 USD\/kg) were included at 5% in pig diets, feed cost decreased by 0.005 USD\/kg. In conclusion, an Excel spreadsheet based on measured energy and nutrient concentrations in full-fat almonds enables the estimation of feed cost changes according to ingredient prices and full-fat almond inclusion rates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16193043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T10:00:34Z","timestamp":1790589634000},"page":"3043","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Metabolizable Energy, Standardized Ileal Digestible Amino Acids, Standardized Total Tract Digestible Phosphorus, and Replacement Value of Full-Fat Almonds for Pigs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3624-8846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yujeong","family":"Hwang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jong Woong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Easy Holdings Co., Ltd., Seoul 06253, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2097-717X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beob Gyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.1017\/S175173111700324X","article-title":"Feed demand landscape and implications of food-not feed strategy for food security and climate change","volume":"12","author":"Makkar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.5187\/ait.2500014","article-title":"Replacement value of cashew nuts in swine diets","volume":"12","author":"Pham","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anim. 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