{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T04:57:22Z","timestamp":1790744242189,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32402930"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32402930"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["32402930"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32402930"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["2024A1515030170"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024A1515030170"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010226","name":"Department of Education of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024KTSCX208"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024KTSCX208"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["2024KTSCX208"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024KTSCX208"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01s5gyw91","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Heat stress (HS) severely compromises broilers\u2019 health and production performance. This study aimed to evaluate the protective effects of Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels (wampee) leaves volatile oil emulsion (WVOE) against HS-induced liver injury in broilers and to investigate its underlying mechanisms. A total of 120 broilers were randomly allocated into five groups (3 replicate cages per group, 8 broilers per cage): Control (22 \u00b1 2 \u00b0C), HS (Heat stress, 35 \u00b1 2 \u00b0C and 80 \u00b1 10% relative humidity for 8 h\/day for 7 consecutive days), VitC (HS + Vitamin C, 60 mg\/kg), WVOE-H (HS + WVOE, 3 mg\/kg), and WVOE-L (HS + WVOE, 0.75 mg\/kg). VitC and WVOE were administered intragastrically 1 h after daily HS exposure. HS impaired growth performance, as evidenced by decreased final body weight and average daily gain (ADG) and an increased feed conversion ratio (FCR). WVOE-L administration reduced FCR compared with the HS group. HS also impaired liver function and induced oxidative injury, as reflected by increased serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity, decreased total protein (TP) and albumin (ALB) levels, elevated hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) content, reduced superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and glutathione (GSH) levels. WVOE and VitC ameliorated these alterations, thereby alleviating liver injury and oxidative stress. Both WVOE and VitC treatment partially ameliorated these alterations and were associated with milder histopathological changes, suggesting alleviation of HS-induced liver injury and oxidative stress. Under HS conditions, WVOE decreased HSP70 and IL-6 protein expression and was accompanied by changes in autophagy-related signaling, including increased LC3-II\/LC3-I ratio, protein expressions of Beclin-1, ULK1, ATG4B, ATG5, and ATG7, and reduced p62 accumulation. WVOE increased gene and protein expression of GPX4 and SLC7A11 and decreased ACSL4 expression. In conclusion, WVOE alleviated several indices of HS-induced liver injury in broilers, accompanied by changes in autophagy-related signaling and ferroptosis-related molecular responses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16193045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T10:00:34Z","timestamp":1790589634000},"page":"3045","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels Leaf Volatile Oil Emulsion Alleviates Heat Stress-Induced Liver Injury in Broilers Accompanied by Modulation of Autophagy- and Ferroptosis-Related Pathways"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7389-2646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui-Lin","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Animal Science and Technology, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Animal Science and Technology, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0386-296X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jia-Ci","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Animal Science and Technology, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Ting","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Animal Science and Technology, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shun","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Animal Science and Technology, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong-Ming","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Animal Science and Technology, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6790-3480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu-Ping","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Animal Science and Technology, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1416","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.1416","article-title":"Climate Change and Broiler Production","volume":"10","author":"Oke","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vercellino, R.d.A., N\u00e4\u00e4s, I.d.A., and de Moura, D.J. (2025). Tracking Heat Stress in Broilers: A Thermographic Analysis of Anatomical Sensitivity across Growth Stages. Animals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15152233"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prates, J.A.M. (2025). Heat Stress Effects on Animal Health and Performance in Monogastric Livestock: Physiological Responses, Molecular Mechanisms, and Management Interventions. Vet. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12050429"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olayiwola, S.F., and Adedokun, S.A. (2025). Heat Stress in Poultry: The Role of Nutritional Supplements in Alleviating Heat Stress and Enhancing Gut Health in Poultry. Front. Vet. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1691532"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aryal, B., Kwakye, J., Ariyo, O.W., Ghareeb, A.F.A., Milfort, M.C., Fuller, A.L., Khatiwada, S., Rekaya, R., and Aggrey, S.E. (2025). Major Oxidative and Antioxidant Mechanisms during Heat Stress-Induced Oxidative Stress in Chickens. Antioxidants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14040471"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e71660","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.71660","article-title":"Ying-Huang Oral Liquid Ameliorates Oxidative Stress in the Liver of Heat-stressed Broilers via KEAP1-NRF2 and PINK1\/Parkin Pathway","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez-Virgilio, L., Silva-Lucero, M.-C., Flores-Morelos, D.-S., Gallardo-Nieto, J., Lopez-Toledo, G., Abarca-Fernandez, A.-M., Zacapala-G\u00f3mez, A.-E., Luna-Mu\u00f1oz, J., Montiel-Sosa, F., and Soto-Rojas, L.O. (2022). Autophagy: A Key Regulator of Homeostasis and Disease: An Overview of Molecular Mechanisms and Modulators. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11152262"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e71326","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.71326","article-title":"Protective Effects of Resveratrol on Heat Stress-induced Liver Dysfunction in Broilers through Modulating Autophagy and NLRP3 Inflammasome","volume":"13","author":"Ding","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26699","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.3c02759","article-title":"Comprehensive Review of Phytochemical Profiles and Health-Promoting Effects of Different Portions of Wampee (Clausena lansium)","volume":"8","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, X., Ma, Y., Yi, G., Wen, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhang, H., and Zhang, L. (2019). Rapid and Sensitive Analysis of Volatile Components of Different Parts of Clausena lansium by Ionic Liquid Based Headspace Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24010091"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, X., Zhang, L., Chen, J., Sui, J., Yi, G., Wu, J., and Ma, Y. (2019). Correlation between Chemical Composition and Antifungal Activity of Clausena lansium Essential Oil against Candida spp.. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24071394"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"60","article-title":"Extraction of Volatile Oil from Clausena lansium Leaves and Analysis of Its Chemical Constituents by GC-MS","volume":"42","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Tradit. Chin. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Li, X.B. (2019). Study on Lipid-Lowering and Hepatoprotective Effects and Mechanism of Ethanol Extract from Clausena lansium Leaves. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine]."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, Y.N., He, K.R., Liang, S.S., Mou, R.W., Lu, M.H., He, Y.M., and Tang, L.P. (2024). The Effect and Mechanism of Volatile Oil Emulsion from Leaves of Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels on Staphylococcus aureus In Vitro. Front. Microbiol., 15, Corrigendum in Front. Microbiol.\u00a02025, 16, 1575361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1575361.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1575361"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.156159","article-title":"Effects of Clausena lansium Leaves Volatile Oil Emulsion against Staphylococcus Aureus in Mice via Autophagy Modulation","volume":"135","author":"Tang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"(2024). Compound Feeds for Chickens, Ducks, Geese, Quails, Meat Pigeons, and Pigs (Standard No. Q\/01ZD001-2024)."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People\u2019s Republic of China (2006). Guiding Opinions on the Humane Treatment of Laboratory Animals, Guo Ke Fa Cai Zi [2006] No. 398."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2011). Permitted Tolerants for Judgment of Testing Results in Feeds (Standard No. GB\/T 18823-2010)."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"(2021). Laboratory Animal\u2014Guidelines for Euthanasia (Standard No. GB\/T 39760-2021)."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mei, Z., Song, Z., Zhou, H., Zheng, B., Xiong, Y., Sheng, Z., and Gong, Y. (2025). Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals the Important Role of Hepatic Fatty Acid Metabolism in the Acute Heat Stress Response in Chickens. BMC Genom., 26.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-025-11832-2"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Assumpcao, A.L.F.V., Caputi, V., Ashwell, C.M., Honaker, C.F., Siegel, P.B., Taylor, R.L., and Lyte, J.M. (2026). Serum Biochemical Profiles Are Distinct between White Leghorn Chicken Lines Selected for Divergent Antibody Response to Sheep Red Blood Cells. BMC Vet. Res., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-025-05277-8"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y.-L., Ding, K.-N., Shen, X.-L., Liu, H.-X., Zhang, Y.-A., Liu, Y.-Q., He, Y.-M., and Tang, L.-P. (2022). Chronic Heat Stress Promotes Liver Inflammation in Broilers via Enhancing NF-\u03baB and NLRP3 Signaling Pathway. BMC Vet. Res., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-022-03388-0"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lan, R., Luo, H., Wu, F., Wang, Y., and Zhao, Z. (2023). Chitosan Oligosaccharides Alleviate Heat-Stress-Induced Lipid Metabolism Disorders by Suppressing the Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Response in the Liver of Broilers. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12081497"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gromboni, J.G.G., Cedraz de Oliveira, H., Botelho Diniz Marques, D., Am\u00e2ndio Pinto Garcia, A., Vasconcelos Farias Filho, R., Fernando Gromboni, C., Machado Souza, T., and Arias Wenceslau, A. (2020). Influence of Heat Stress on Reference Genes Stability in Heart and Liver of Two Chickens Genotypes. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0228314"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bahadoran, S., Hashemi, S., and Hassanpour, H. (2025). Heat Stress and Stocking Density Disrupt Telomere Maintenance through Shelterin Complex Dysregulation and Oxidative Damage in Broiler Chickens. BMC Vet. Res., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-025-05151-7"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2022.102085","article-title":"Heat Stress in Broilers of Liver Injury Effects of Heat Stress on Oxidative Stress and Autophagy in Liver of Broilers","volume":"101","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2022.103332","article-title":"Biomarkers of Heat Stress and Mechanism of Heat Stress Response in Avian Species: Current Insights and Future Perspectives from Poultry Science","volume":"110","author":"Oladokun","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2022.101794","article-title":"Proteomic Changes in Broiler Liver by Body Weight Differences under Chronic Heat Stress","volume":"101","author":"Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, J., Li, C., Zhao, T., Li, F., Yao, Z., Dong, Y., Gong, Z., Yan, Y., Luo, X., and Wang, H. (2025). Sodium Butyrate Alleviates Heat Stress-Induced Oxidative Stress and Skeletal Muscle Homeostasis Disruption by Promoting Autophagy in Mice. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17040696"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadj8027","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adj8027","article-title":"Three-Step Docking by WIPI2, ATG16L1, and ATG3 Delivers LC3 to the Phagophore","volume":"10","author":"Rao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2766","DOI":"10.1080\/10495398.2022.2117183","article-title":"Effects of Dietary Supplementation of Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) Essential Oil on Expression of Genes Related to Antioxidant, Apoptosis, Detoxification, and Heat Shock Mechanism in Heat-Stressed Broiler Chickens","volume":"34","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anim. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"skaf417","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skaf417","article-title":"Dietary Encapsulated Essential Oils Improve Growth Performance and Regulate Stress-Responsive Genes in Heat-Stressed Broilers","volume":"103","author":"Madkour","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18846","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-45868-9","article-title":"Effectiveness of Probiotics and Clove Essential Oils in Improving Growth Performance, Immuno-Antioxidant Status, Ileum Morphometric, and Microbial Community Structure for Heat-Stressed Broilers","volume":"13","author":"Elbaz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2299(199610)39:2<174::AID-DDR10>3.0.CO;2-C","article-title":"Hepatoprotective Action of Nine Constituents Isolated from the Leaves of Clausena lansium in Mice","volume":"39","author":"Liu","year":"1996","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiu, Z., Zhu, Y., Han, J., Li, Y., Yang, X., Yang, G., Song, G., Li, S., Li, Y., and Cheng, C. (2022). Caryophyllene Oxide Induces Ferritinophagy by Regulating the NCOA4\/FTH1\/LC3 Pathway in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.930958"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.12991\/jrespharm.1673440","article-title":"Study the Protective Efficacy of \u03b1-Bisabolol on Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Induced by High-Fat Diet in C57\/BL6 Mice","volume":"30","author":"Annouf","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Res. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"389","article-title":"Exploration of the Potential of Volatile Oil from Clausena lansium Leaves to Alleviate Heat Stress in Poultry Based on Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking","volume":"62","author":"Tang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Chin. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.4251\/wjgo.v15.i7.1135","article-title":"Interaction Mechanisms between Autophagy and Ferroptosis: Potential Role in Colorectal Cancer","volume":"15","author":"Zeng","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Gastrointest. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-06059-w","article-title":"Crosstalk between Ferroptosis and Autophagy: Broaden Horizons of Cancer Therapy","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.164172","article-title":"Chronic Arsenic Exposure Induces Ferroptosis via Enhancing Ferritinophagy in Chicken Livers","volume":"890","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.66.5.23","article-title":"Autophagy Impairment-Derived SQSTM1 Accumulation Promotes Ferroptosis in Corneal Epithelial Cells through ACSL4 in Dry Eye","volume":"66","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7146054","DOI":"10.1155\/jdr\/7146054","article-title":"Autophagy Regulates Ferroptosis-Mediated Diabetic Liver Injury by Modulating the Degradation of ACSL4","volume":"2024","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H., Xu, Y., Wang, L., Meng, W., Xu, Y., and Guo, H. (2026). Baicalein Attenuates High Glucose and Sodium Palmitate-Induced Ferroptosis in Cardiomyocytes via the Nrf2\/SLC7A11\/GPX4 Signaling Pathway. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27146391"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-022-01212-0","article-title":"GPX4-Independent Ferroptosis\u2014A New Strategy in Disease\u2019s Therapy","volume":"8","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.103537","article-title":"Heat shock proteins as a key defense mechanism in poultry production under heat stress conditions","volume":"103","author":"Gouda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14901","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-18985-0","article-title":"HSP Expression Depends on Its Molecular Construction and Different Organs of the Chicken: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"12","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barreiro-Sisto, U., Fern\u00e1ndez-Fari\u00f1a, S., Gonz\u00e1lez-Noya, A.M., Pedrido, R., and Maneiro, M. (2024). Enemies or Allies? Hormetic and Apparent Non-Dose-Dependent Effects of Natural Bioactive Antioxidants in the Treatment of Inflammation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25031892"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jodynis-Liebert, J., and Kujawska, M. (2020). Biphasic Dose-Response Induced by Phytochemicals: Experimental Evidence. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9030718"}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/19\/3045\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T04:20:59Z","timestamp":1790742059000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/19\/3045"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ani16193045"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani16193045","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]}}}