{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T12:58:04Z","timestamp":1790600284417,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015690","name":"Universitas Padjadjaran","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["4060\/UN6.J\/PT.00\/2026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4060\/UN6.J\/PT.00\/2026"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015690","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["4060\/UN6.J\/PT.00\/2026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4060\/UN6.J\/PT.00\/2026"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00xqf8t64","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study evaluated short-term haematological, metabolic, endocrine, and growth responses to calcium-protected oil and cornmeal in tropical dairy heifers. We allocated 128 heifers to four dietary treatments (32 heifers per treatment): R1, 60% roughage + 40% concentrate; R2, R1 with 4% Ca-oil; R3, R1 with 4% cornmeal; and R4, R1 with 2% Ca-oil + 2% cornmeal. We assessed blood biomarkers at two monthly sampling points and analysed weekly growth longitudinally. We detected treatment differences in erythrocytes, haemoglobin, MCV, MCH, MCHC, RDW-CV, eosinophils, HDL cholesterol, total protein, and albumin (p &lt; 0.05). We found no statistically detectable treatment effects for most leukocyte indices, energy metabolites, reproductive hormones, growth-related hormones, or cortisol. Body measurements increased over time (p &lt; 0.001), and we detected a treatment \u00d7 week interaction only for body length (p = 0.014). The combined diet was associated with the highest values for several erythrocyte and protein variables, but the design does not distinguish synergy from additive or dose effects. These results should therefore be interpreted as short-term associations requiring confirmation through fully specified repeated-measures analyses and longer-term functional outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16193053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T11:35:59Z","timestamp":1790595359000},"page":"3053","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nutritional Modulation of Metabolic\u2013Endocrine Integration and Growth Performance in Tropical Dairy Heifers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5919-6958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andi","family":"Mushawwir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Ir. Soekarno KM 21, Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ujang Hidayat","family":"Tanuwiria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Ir. Soekarno KM 21, Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iin","family":"Susilawati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Ir. Soekarno KM 21, Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nyimas Popi","family":"Indriani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Ir. Soekarno KM 21, Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dwi","family":"Suharwanto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Ir. Soekarno KM 21, Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fida","family":"Prawita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Breeding and Development of Artificial Insemination for Dairy Cattle (BPPIBTSP), Food Security and Livestock Agency of West Java, Bunikasih, Warungkondang, Cianjur 43261, West Java, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rizal","family":"Lesmana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Breeding and Development of Artificial Insemination for Dairy Cattle (BPPIBTSP), Food Security and Livestock Agency of West Java, Bunikasih, Warungkondang, Cianjur 43261, West Java, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salwa Iffat Zahida","family":"Arif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Breeding and Development of Artificial Insemination for Dairy Cattle (BPPIBTSP), Food Security and Livestock Agency of West Java, Bunikasih, Warungkondang, Cianjur 43261, West Java, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1020","article-title":"Effects of feeding treatment on growth rates, metabolic profiles and age at puberty, and their relationships in dairy heifers","volume":"13","author":"Abeni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8341","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2020-20004","article-title":"ADSA Foundation Scholar Award: New frontiers in calf and heifer nutrition\u2014From conception to puberty","volume":"104","author":"Wilms","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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