{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T04:49:27Z","timestamp":1791607767293,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund","award":["2023TD47"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023TD47"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hexaflumuron is a benzoylurea insecticide with potential application against arthropod ectoparasites in aquaculture, but its toxicity to non-target fish remains insufficiently characterized. This study evaluated acute toxicity and intestinal responses to sublethal concentrations of hexaflumuron in juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). The 48- and 96-h LC50 values were 8.80 and 7.16 mg\/L, respectively. Fish were subsequently exposed to nominal concentrations of 0.07 or 0.72 mg\/L hexaflumuron for 96 h. Intestinal histopathology, antioxidant biomarkers, 16S rRNA sequencing, and transcriptomics were investigated. Both exposure groups showed focal intestinal alterations. Malondialdehyde levels increased, total superoxide dismutase activity exhibited a biphasic response, and catalase activity and reduced glutathione content declined, indicating altered redox homeostasis. Overall gut microbial structure showed no significant difference, whereas taxon-specific shifts occurred, including an increase in Aeromonas to 15.40% at 0.72 mg\/L. Transcriptomic analysis identified 1226 and 5496 differentially expressed genes at 0.07 and 0.72 mg\/L, respectively. Both concentrations suppressed ribosome biogenesis, protein homeostasis, mitochondrial bioenergetic programs, and complement-associated functions, while the higher concentration induced broader enrichment of cytokine, phagolysosomal, antigen-presentation, and leukocyte-migration pathways. Overall, these results indicated that hexaflumuron perturbs intestinal homeostasis through synergistic impacts on cellular biosynthesis, mitochondrial bioenergetic programs, redox balance, immune regulation, tissue remodeling, and microbial composition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16193056","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T15:57:57Z","timestamp":1790611077000},"page":"3056","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Intestinal Responses to Short-Term Hexaflumuron Exposure in Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella): A Combined Physiological, Transcriptomic, and Gut Microbiota Perspective"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Shun","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiangtao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4333-9296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiuhong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohui","family":"Ai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6847","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5b02460","article-title":"Benzoylurea chitin synthesis inhibitors","volume":"63","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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