{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:57:08Z","timestamp":1792789028850,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":199,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key R&D Program of Zhejiang Province","award":["2026C02A1021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026C02A1021"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation","award":["LZ25C170001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LZ25C170001"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04aqat463","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation","award":["LD26C170001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LD26C170001"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04aqat463","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["LZ25C170001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LZ25C170001"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04aqat463","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["LD26C170001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LD26C170001"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04aqat463","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF","award":["GZB20240642"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GZB20240642"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025M770268"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025M770268"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["2025M770268"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025M770268"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0426zh255","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The gut microbiota and mucosal immune system undergo extensive remodeling after weaning and jointly influence intestinal homeostasis, resistance to enteric pathogens, and growth performance in piglets. This developmental transition is particularly vulnerable to dietary changes, the loss of maternally derived factors, environmental stressors, and pathogen exposure, all of which can disrupt microbial ecology and mucosal immune regulation. This review examines the reciprocal interactions between the gut microbiota and mucosal immunity in weaned piglets. It describes how microbial communities and their metabolites regulate epithelial barrier integrity, innate and adaptive immune responses, B-cell differentiation, and secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) production, with particular emphasis on short-chain fatty acids, tryptophan-derived metabolites, and bile acids. Conversely, host-derived factors, including mucins, antimicrobial peptides, sIgA, cytokines, and inflammation-associated changes in the intestinal microenvironment, are discussed in relation to microbial colonization, spatial distribution, and functional activity. Disruption of these interactions can impair epithelial barrier function, promote excessive inflammation, weaken colonization resistance, and increase susceptibility to enteric infection and post-weaning diarrhea. Finally, this review evaluates nutritional and microbiota-targeted strategies for modulating microbiota\u2013immune interactions and improving intestinal health in weaned piglets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16193075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T08:17:27Z","timestamp":1790756247000},"page":"3075","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Gut Microbiota\u2013Mucosal Immune Interactions Underlying Intestinal Homeostasis in Weaned Piglets"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jieyi","family":"Qin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6212-1729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiantian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710129, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peiyuan","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingliang","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2907-7629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731119000041","article-title":"Effects of three husbandry systems on health, welfare and productivity of organic pigs","volume":"13","author":"Leeb","year":"2019","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2256","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/134.9.2256","article-title":"Weaning induces both transient and long-lasting modifications of absorptive, secretory, and barrier properties of piglet intestine","volume":"134","author":"Boudry","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. 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