{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T09:53:26Z","timestamp":1791194006117,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790985600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005196","name":"Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CAAS-IFR-ZDRW-202602"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAAS-IFR-ZDRW-202602"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["CAAS-IFR-ZDRW-202602"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAAS-IFR-ZDRW-202602"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0313jb750","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lipid metabolism disorder is a common physiological problem in monogastric livestock and aquatic animals which easily leads to excessive fat deposition, poor meat quality, and inhibited growth performance, bringing huge economic losses to the aquaculture and livestock industries. Lactobacilli, as core bacteria found in the gut of animals, play a crucial role in growth and health in monogastric animals, mainly including pigs, poultry, and pets, and even in aquatic animals. Nevertheless, existing relevant reviews mostly provide simple descriptive summaries of phenotypic effects, lacking systematic collation of strain-specific differences and multi-level regulatory mechanisms. Moreover, most mechanistic conclusions are predominantly inferred from rodent studies, while the applicability and specificity of these regulatory pathways in target livestock and aquatic animals remain unclear, forming an important research gap. In view of the above deficiencies, this review summarizes the beneficial effects of different lactobacilli on lipid metabolism in monogastric (including swine, poultry and pets) and aquatic animals. Furthermore, we elucidate the underlying mechanisms in different dimensions: short-chain fatty acid-mediated lipid signal transduction, regulation of liver\u2013adipose axis-related genes (PPARs, SREBP-1c, FAS, etc.), and improvement in intestinal barrier function to inhibit lipid absorption. Also, considering the current limitations that existing mechanistic evidence in livestock and aquatic species is insufficient, this review highlights the bottlenecks of current research and proposes future research priorities, including species-specific mechanism verification, strain functional screening and precise application exploration. This study deepens the comprehensive understanding of lactobacillus-mediated lipid metabolism regulation and provides a reliable theoretical reference for the targeted application of lactobacilli in improving lipid metabolic disorders in monogastric animals and aquaculture animals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16193111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T08:57:18Z","timestamp":1791190638000},"page":"3111","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of Application of Lactobacilli on Lipid Metabolism in Monogastric and Aquatic Animals: Benefits and Underlying Mechanism"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8457-9583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bing","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhong Guan Cun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3049-1835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Andrews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Science Group, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2024.03.016","article-title":"Microencapsulated Lactobacillus plantarum promotes intestinal development through gut colonization of layer chicks","volume":"18","author":"Cui","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duan, H., Lu, L., Zhang, L., Li, J., Gu, X., and Li, J. (2023). Effects of Lactobacillus Lactis Supplementation on Growth Performance, Hematological Parameters, Meat Quality and Intestinal Flora in Growing-Finishing Pigs. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13071247"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.7866","article-title":"Effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, fecal microbial and noxious gas emission in weaning pigs","volume":"97","author":"Lan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2013-03518","article-title":"Egg quality and productive performance of laying hens fed different levels of skimmed milk powder added to a diet containing Lactobacillus acidophilus","volume":"93","author":"Cesari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., and Liu, Y. (2026). The gut-liver axis in animal diseases: Roles, mechanisms, and veterinary clinical applications. Front. Vet. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2026.1812064"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-024-01073-w","article-title":"Insights into the interplay between gut microbiota and lipid metabolism in the obesity management of canines and felines","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zou, J., Liu, Y., and Lu, J. (2026). Fatty Liver in Fish: Metabolic Drivers, Molecular Pathways and Physiological Solutions. Animals, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16020236"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dempsey, E., and Corr, S.C. (2022). Lactobacillus spp. for Gastrointestinal Health: Current and Future Perspectives. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.840245"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rastogi, S., and Singh, A. (2022). Gut Microbiome and Human Health: Exploring How the Probiotic Genus Lactobacillus Modulate Immune Responses. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.1042189"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., and Liu, J. (2022). Contribution of Lactobacilli on Intestinal Mucosal Barrier and Diseases: Perspectives and Challenges of Lactobacillus casei. Life, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/life12111910"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2342","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/sky129","article-title":"Effects of Lactobacillus reuteri LR1 on the growth performance, intestinal morphology, and intestinal barrier function in weaned pigs","volume":"96","author":"Yi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-018-9511-y","article-title":"Probiotic Lactobacillus johnsonii BS15 Promotes Growth Performance, Intestinal Immunity, and Gut Microbiota in Piglets","volume":"12","author":"Xin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pew030","article-title":"Effects of prebiotics, probiotics, and their combination on growth performance, small intestine morphology, and resident Lactobacillus of male broilers","volume":"95","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"skab128","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skab128","article-title":"Early supplementation with Lactobacillus plantarum in liquid diet modulates intestinal innate immunity through toll-like receptor 4-mediated mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways in young piglets challenged with Escherichia coli K88","volume":"99","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06355-w","article-title":"Oral vaccination with a recombinant Lactobacillus plantarum expressing the Eimeria tenella rhoptry neck 2 protein elicits protective immunity in broiler chickens infected with Eimeria tenella","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, S., Xi, Y., Xia, Y., Wu, T., Zhao, D., Zhang, Z., and Ding, B. (2021). Dietary Lactobacillus fermentum and Bacillus coagulans Supplementation Modulates Intestinal Immunity and Microbiota of Broiler Chickens Challenged by Clostridium perfringens. Front. Vet. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.680742"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2023.103224","article-title":"Effect of Lactobacillus salivarius SNK-6 on egg quality, intestinal morphology, and cecal microbial community of laying hens","volume":"103","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1080\/00071668.2012.659653","article-title":"Egg production, faecal pH and microbial population, small intestine morphology, and plasma and yolk cholesterol in laying hens given liquid metabolites produced by Lactobacillus plantarum strains","volume":"53","author":"Choe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2020.108234","article-title":"Effect of long-term dietary probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri 1 or antibiotics on meat quality, muscular amino acids and fatty acids in pigs","volume":"171","author":"Tian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Z., Sun, Y., Chen, L., Zhang, Y., Wang, J., Li, H., Yan, X., Xia, L., and Yao, G. (2022). Differences in meat quality between Angus cattle and Xinjiang brown cattle in association with gut microbiota and its lipid metabolism. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.988984"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.70581","article-title":"Effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus 43121 and a mixture of Lactobacillus casei and Bifidobacterium longum on the serum cholesterol level and fecal sterol excretion in hypercholesterolemia-induced pigs","volume":"72","author":"Park","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, D., Min, Y., Yang, J., Heo, Y., Kim, M., Hur, C.G., Lee, S.C., Lee, H.K., Song, K.D., and Heo, J. (2021). Multi-Probiotic Lactobacillus Supplementation Improves Liver Function and Reduces Cholesterol Levels in Jeju Native Pigs. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11082309"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hou, G., Peng, W., Wei, L., Li, R., Yuan, Y., Huang, X., and Yin, Y. (2020). Lactobacillus delbrueckii Interfere With Bile Acid Enterohepatic Circulation to Regulate Cholesterol Metabolism of Growing-Finishing Pigs via Its Bile Salt Hydrolase Activity. Front. Nutr., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2020.617676"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114515003736","article-title":"Combined effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus and beta-cyclodextrin on serum cholesterol in pigs","volume":"115","author":"Alonso","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(96)76586-4","article-title":"Hypocholesterolemic action of Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 43121 and calcium in swine with hypercholesterolemia induced by diet","volume":"79","author":"Gilliland","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4775","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-021-11310-1","article-title":"Sex-dependent changes in the microbiota profile, serum metabolism, and hormone levels of growing pigs after dietary supplementation with Lactobacillus","volume":"105","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suo, C., Yin, Y., Wang, X., Lou, X., Song, D., Wang, X., and Gu, Q. (2012). Effects of lactobacillus plantarum ZJ316 on pig growth and pork quality. BMC Vet. Res., 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-8-89"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-024-02013-6","article-title":"Ningxiang pig-derived Lactobacillus reuteri modulates host intramuscular fat deposition via branched-chain amino acid metabolism","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Park, J., Kim, J., and Kim, Y. (2025). Effects of host-specific multi-lactic acid bacterial probiotics on performance, carcass traits, meat quality, and gut microbiome in fattening pigs. Animals, 15."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.12957","article-title":"Lactobacillus amylovorus supplementation modifies muscle fatty-acid profile in growing-finishing pigs","volume":"102","author":"Duan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"78","article-title":"Dietary Lactobacillus jensenii TL2937 modulates carcass characteristics and pork quality in finishing pigs","volume":"11","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.13399","article-title":"Effects of feeding a Lactobacillus plantarum JL01 diet on caecal bacteria and metabolites of weaned piglets","volume":"72","author":"Geng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-019-0399-5","article-title":"Lactobacillus frumenti mediates energy production via fatty acid beta-oxidation in the liver of early-weaned piglets","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114507747803","article-title":"Effects of a synbiotic containing Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4962 on plasma lipid profiles and morphology of erythrocytes in hypercholesterolaemic pigs on high- and low-fat diets","volume":"98","author":"Liong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004824","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00048-24","article-title":"Dietary probiotic and synbiotic supplementation starting from maternal gestation improves muscular lipid metabolism in offspring piglets by reshaping colonic microbiota and metabolites","volume":"9","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Msystems"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"25","article-title":"Fatty liver haemorrhagic syndrome of laying hens: Impact of production system","volume":"60","author":"Shini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"87","article-title":"Unravelling fatty liver haemorrhagic syndrome: 1. Oestrogen and inflammation","volume":"61","author":"Shini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/127.5.805S","article-title":"Lipoprotein metabolism and fattening in poultry","volume":"127","author":"Hermier","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-023-00982-6","article-title":"Lactiplantibacillus plantarum FRT4 attenuates high-energy low-protein diet-induced fatty liver hemorrhage syndrome in laying hens through regulating gut-liver axis","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"148","article-title":"Influence of Lactobacillus casei WB 315 and crude fish oil (CFO) on growth performance, EPA, DHA, HDL, LDL, cholesterol of meat broiler chickens","volume":"12","author":"Yulianto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Iran. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2021.101651","article-title":"Effects of Lactobacillus salivarius supplementation on the growth performance, liver function, meat quality, immune responses and Salmonella Pullorum infection resistance of broilers challenged with Aflatoxin B1","volume":"101","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pex261","article-title":"Effects of dietary Lactobacillus rhamnosus CF supplementation on growth, meat quality, and microenvironment in specific pathogen-free chickens","volume":"97","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-020-09717-9","article-title":"Dietary Lactobacillus acidophilus and Mannan-Oligosaccharides Alter the Lipid Metabolism and Health Indices in Broiler Chickens","volume":"13","author":"Dev","year":"2021","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12535","DOI":"10.1039\/D1FO03209G","article-title":"Lactobacillus johnsonii 3-1 and Lactobacillus crispatus 7-4 promote the growth performance and ileum development and participate in lipid metabolism of broilers","volume":"12","author":"Ding","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H., Ni, X., Qing, X., Zeng, D., Luo, M., Liu, L., Li, G., Pan, K., and Jing, B. (2017). Live Probiotic Lactobacillus johnsonii BS15 Promotes Growth Performance and Lowers Fat Deposition by Improving Lipid Metabolism, Intestinal Development, and Gut Microflora in Broilers. Front. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01073"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shokryazdan, P., Faseleh Jahromi, M., Liang, J.B., Ramasamy, K., Sieo, C.C., and Ho, Y.W. (2017). Effects of a Lactobacillus salivarius mixture on performance, intestinal health and serum lipids of broiler chickens. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0175959"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-017-0439-5","article-title":"Preventing subclinical necrotic enteritis through Lactobacillus johnsonii BS15 by ameliorating lipid metabolism and intestinal microflora in broiler chickens","volume":"7","author":"Qing","year":"2017","journal-title":"Amb. Express"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2018.11.431","article-title":"Alleviation of aflatoxin-related oxidative damage to liver and improvement of growth performance in broiler chickens consumed Lactobacillus plantarum 299v for entire growth period","volume":"158","author":"Khanian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1080\/0007166031000085445","article-title":"Effects of Lactobacillus cultures on growth performance, abdominal fat deposition, serum lipids and weight of organs of broiler chickens","volume":"44","author":"Kalavathy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2023.102522","article-title":"Lactobacillus Plantarum injection at the embryonic stage alters the early growth performance and lipid metabolism of broilers by specific genera of bacteria","volume":"102","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Sun, L., Wu, M., Yu, C., Zhao, D., Wang, L., Zhang, Z., Yi, D., Hou, Y., and Wu, T. (2024). Effect of supplementation with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG powder on intestinal and liver damage in broiler chickens challenged by lipopolysaccharide. Front. Microbiol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1466274"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6297068","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/6297068","article-title":"The Effects of Lactobacillus farciminis and Lactobacillus rhamnosus on Growth, Blood Biochemical, and Meat Quality Indicators of Specific Pathogen-Free Broiler Chickens","volume":"2023","author":"Eglite","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Int."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e215","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0396.2010.01010.x","article-title":"Effect of Lactobacillus fermentum and Enterococcus faecium strains on internal milieu, antioxidant status and body weight of broiler chickens","volume":"94","author":"Capcarova","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1080\/00071669608417865","article-title":"The influence of Lactobacillus acidophilus and bacitracin on layer performance of chickens and cholesterol content of plasma and egg yolk","volume":"37","author":"Abdulrahim","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loh, T.C., Choe, D.W., Foo, H.L., Sazili, A.Q., and Bejo, M.H. (2014). Effects of feeding different postbiotic metabolite combinations produced by Lactobacillus plantarum strains on egg quality and production performance, faecal parameters and plasma cholesterol in laying hens. BMC Vet. Res., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-10-149"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, L., Zhang, G., Qu, G., Liu, B., Zhang, X., Li, G., Jin, N., Li, C., Bai, J., and Zhao, C. (2023). Effects of dietary Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG supplementation on the production performance, egg quality, eggshell ultrastructure, and lipid metabolism of late-phase laying hens. BMC Vet. Res., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-023-03719-9"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.12408","article-title":"Effects of dietary Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bacillus subtilis on laying performance, egg quality, blood biochemistry and immune response of organic laying hens","volume":"100","author":"Forte","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.15.0119","article-title":"Effect of gamma-Aminobutyric Acid-producing Lactobacillus Strain on Laying Performance, Egg Quality and Serum Enzyme Activity in Hy-Line Brown Hens under Heat Stress","volume":"28","author":"Zhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alaqil, A.A., Abbas, A.O., El-Beltagi, H.S., El-Atty, H.K.A., Mehaisen, G.M.K., and Moustafa, E.S. (2020). Dietary Supplementation of Probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus Modulates Cholesterol Levels, Immune Response, and Productive Performance of Laying Hens. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10091588"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"231","article-title":"Current Topics in Canine and Feline Obesity","volume":"46","author":"Hampton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"2","article-title":"The growing problem of obesity in dogs and cats","volume":"47","author":"German","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2116","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-023-10160-9","article-title":"The Effect of Lactobacillus sakei on Growth Performance and Intestinal Health in Dogs: Gut Microbiota and Metabolism Study","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"You, I., Mahiddine, F.Y., Park, H., and Kim, M.J. (2022). Lactobacillus acidophilus novel strain, MJCD175, as a potential probiotic for oral health in dogs. Front. Vet. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.946890"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.70.6.735","article-title":"Evaluation of Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG for the prevention of atopic dermatitis in dogs","volume":"70","author":"Marsella","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5317","DOI":"10.1039\/D1FO00905B","article-title":"Metabolic profiles of Lactobacillus paraplantarum in biofilm and planktonic states and investigation of its intestinal modulation and immunoregulation in dogs","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-017-9256-z","article-title":"Probiotic Potential of a Lactobacillus Bacterium of Canine Faecal-Origin and Its Impact on Select Gut Health Indices and Immune Response of Dogs","volume":"9","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaspardo, A., Zannoni, A., Turroni, S., Barone, M., Sabetti, M.C., Zanoni, R.G., Forni, M., Brigidi, P., and Pietra, M. (2020). Influence of Lactobacillus kefiri on Intestinal Microbiota and Fecal IgA Content of Healthy Dogs. Front. Vet. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00146"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, W., Dong, H., Chang, X., Chen, Q., Wang, L., Chen, S., Chen, L., Wang, R., Ge, S., and Wang, P. (2024). Bifidobacterium lactis and Lactobacillus plantarum Enhance Immune Function and Antioxidant Capacity in Cats through Modulation of the Gut Microbiota. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13070764"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.67.6.1005","article-title":"Effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus DSM13241 as a probiotic in healthy adult cats","volume":"67","author":"Baillon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2005.12.001","article-title":"Application of potential probiotic Lactobacillus fermentum AD1 strain in healthy dogs","volume":"12","author":"Strompfova","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, H.J., Cho, J.H., Cho, W.J., Gang, S.H., Park, S.H., Jung, B.J., Kim, H.B., and Song, K.H. (2022). Effects of Synbiotic Preparation Containing Lactobacillus gasseri BNR17 on Body Fat in Obese Dogs: A Pilot Study. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12050642"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mao, A., Chen, X., Zhao, W., Nan, W., Huang, Y., Sun, Y., Zhang, H., and Xu, C. (2024). Bacterial Community Influences the Effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus on Lipid Metabolism, Immune Response, and Antioxidant Capacity in Dogs. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14091257"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, B., Liang, S., Sun, J., Tao, H., Wang, Z., Liu, B., Wang, X., Liu, J., and Wang, J. (2024). The Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum on the Fecal Microbiota, Short Chain Fatty Acids, Odorous Substances, and Blood Biochemical Indices of Cats. Microorganisms, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12010091"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, S., Gu, X., Sun, J., Wang, X., Tao, H., Wang, Z., Zhong, Y., Wang, J., and Han, B. (2025). Application of Lactobacillus plantarum and Pediococcus lactis on Lipid Metabolism, Anti-Inflammatory, and Fecal Microbiota in Cats. Microorganisms, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12122446"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2006.11.010","article-title":"Immune responses and gene expression in white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, induced by Lactobacillus plantarum","volume":"23","author":"Chiu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Fish. Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2019.10.019","article-title":"Lactobacillus fermentum and\/or ferulic acid improved the immune responses, antioxidative defence and resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fingerlings","volume":"94","author":"Ahmadifar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fish. Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-020-00796-7","article-title":"Dietary supplementation with Lactobacillus acidophilus enhanced the growth, gut morphometry, antioxidant capacity, and the immune response in juveniles of the common carp, Cyprinus carpio","volume":"46","author":"Adeshina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fish. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2022.07.007","article-title":"Effect of dietary supplementation with Moringa oleifera leaf extract and Lactobacillus acidophilus on growth performance, intestinal microbiota, immune response, and disease resistance in whiteleg shrimp (Penaeus vannamei)","volume":"127","author":"Abidin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fish. Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2014.12.007","article-title":"Evaluation of paraprobiotic applicability of Lactobacillus plantarum in improving the immune response and disease protection in giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man, 1879)","volume":"43","author":"Dash","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fish. Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3346","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-021-02906-9","article-title":"Effect of Dietary Lactobacillus casei on Physiometabolic Responses and Liver Histopathology in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) After Exposure to Iron Oxide Nanoparticles","volume":"200","author":"Hedayati","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2023.108681","article-title":"The positive effects of postbiotic (SWF concentration(R)) supplemented diet on skin mucus, liver, gut health, the structure and function of gut microbiota of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fed with high-fat diet","volume":"135","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fish. Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, R., Wang, T., Ding, F.F., Zhou, N.N., Qiao, F., Chen, L.Q., Du, Z.Y., and Zhang, M.L. (2022). Lactobacillus plantarum Ameliorates High-Carbohydrate Diet-Induced Hepatic Lipid Accumulation and Oxidative Stress by Upregulating Uridine Synthesis. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11071238"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J.S., Lu, D.L., Li, Y., Fu, H., Leng, X., and Chen, L. (2021). Dietary Lactobacillus casei K17 Improves Lipid Metabolism, Antioxidant Response, and Fillet Quality of Micropterus salmoides. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11092564"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-025-02172-0","article-title":"Lactiplantibacillus plantarum attenuate gossypol-induced hepatic lipotoxicity by altering intestinal microbiota for enriching microbial tryptophan metabolites in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)","volume":"13","author":"Ding","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Zheng, K., Leng, Y., Zhang, Z., Li, X., Li, X., Ou, H., Wen, M., Qiu, F., and Yu, H. (2025). Alleviating effect of Lactobacillus fermentum E15 on hyperlipidemia and hepatic lipid metabolism in zebrafish fed by a high-fat diet through the production of short-chain fatty acids. Front. Nutr., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1522982"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qian, L., Lu, S., Jiang, W., Mu, Q., Lin, Y., Gu, Z., Wu, Y., Ge, X., and Miao, L. (2025). Lactobacillus plantarum Alters Gut Microbiota and Metabolites Composition to Improve High-Starch Metabolism in Megalobrama amblycephala. Aquac. Nutr., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15040583"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, K., Tan, F., Mu, J., Yi, R., Zhou, X., and Zhao, X. (2019). Anti-Obesity Effects of Lactobacillus fermentum CQPC05 Isolated from Sichuan Pickle in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice through PPAR-alpha Signaling Pathway. Microorganisms, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7070194"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2471","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.36465","article-title":"Protective Effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and its Supernatant against Myocardial Dysfunction in Obese Mice Exposed to Intermittent Hypoxia is Associated with the Activation of Nrf2 Pathway","volume":"15","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5971","DOI":"10.1039\/D1FO04316A","article-title":"Lactobacillus plantarum 23-1 improves intestinal inflammation and barrier function through the TLR4\/NF-kappaB signaling pathway in obese mice","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, S., Sun, J., Gu, X., Zhao, Y., Wang, X., Tao, H., Wang, Z., Zhong, Y., Wang, J., and Han, B. (2024). Lactobacillus plantarum L11 and Lactobacillus reuteri LR: Ameliorate Obesity via AMPK Pathway. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17010004"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2013.06.001","article-title":"Feeding probiotic Lactobacillus paracasei to Ossabaw pigs on a high-fat diet prevents cholesteryl-ester accumulation and LPS modulation of the Liver X receptor and inflammatory axis in alveolar macrophages","volume":"24","author":"Trasino","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, L., Liao, R., Huang, J., Xiao, C., Yang, Y., Wang, H., He, D., Yan, H., and Yang, C. (2022). Lactobacillus salivarius SNK-6 Regulates Liver Lipid Metabolism Partly via the miR-130a-5p\/MBOAT2 Pathway in a NAFLD Model of Laying Hens. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11244133"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1990.70.2.567","article-title":"Energy contributions of volatile fatty acids from the gastrointestinal tract in various species","volume":"70","author":"Bergman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jia, X., Xu, W., Zhang, L., Li, X., Wang, R., and Wu, S. (2021). Impact of gut microbiota and microbiota-related metabolites on hyperlipidemia. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.634780"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2017.120","article-title":"Beyond gut feelings: How the gut microbiota regulates blood pressure","volume":"15","author":"Marques","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17867","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-68227-8","article-title":"Sodium butyrate improves renal injury in diabetic nephropathy through AMPK\/SIRT1\/PGC-1\u03b1 signaling pathway","volume":"14","author":"Ye","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"251","article-title":"Roles of short-chain fatty acids receptors, GPR41 and GPR43 on colonic functions","volume":"59","author":"Tazoe","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4519","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2008-0059","article-title":"Activation of G protein-coupled receptor 43 in adipocytes leads to inhibition of lipolysis and suppression of plasma free fatty acids","volume":"149","author":"Ge","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112032","article-title":"Xiexin Tang ameliorates dyslipidemia in high-fat diet-induced obese rats via elevating gut microbiota-derived short chain fatty acids production and adjusting energy metabolism","volume":"241","author":"Xiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"4227","article-title":"Effects of probiotics on growth performance, nutrient apparent digestibility, fecal microflora and short-chain fatty acids in the late fattening phase of fattening pigs","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. J. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e164","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0396.2010.01000.x","article-title":"Impact of inulin and a multispecies probiotic formulation on performance, microbial ecology and concomitant fermentation patterns in newly weaned piglets","volume":"94","author":"Mair","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO02585E","article-title":"Short chain fatty acids could prevent fat deposition in pigs via regulating related hormones and genes","volume":"11","author":"Jiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiao, A.R., Diao, H., Yu, B., He, J., Yu, J., Zheng, P., Huang, Z.Q., Luo, Y.H., Luo, J.Q., and Mao, X.B. (2018). Oral administration of short chain fatty acids could attenuate fat deposition of pigs. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0196867"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2536","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.66.6.2536-2540.2000","article-title":"Role of volatile fatty acids in development of the cecal microflora in broiler chickens during growth","volume":"66","author":"Biesterveld","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.103482","article-title":"Sodium butyrate alleviates free fatty acid-induced steatosis in primary chicken hepatocytes via the AMPK\/PPAR\u03b1 pathway","volume":"103","author":"Ding","year":"2024","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2009-00495","article-title":"Selected microbial groups and short-chain fatty acids profile in a simulated chicken cecum supplemented with two strains of Lactobacillus","volume":"89","author":"Meimandipour","year":"2010","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asare, P.T., Greppi, A., Geirnaert, A., Pennacchia, A., Babst, A., and Lacroix, C. (2023). Glycerol and reuterin-producing Limosilactobacillus reuteri enhance butyrate production and inhibit Enterobacteriaceae in broiler chicken cecal microbiota PolyFermS model. BMC Microbiol., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-023-03091-6"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104171","article-title":"Butyric acid reduced lipid deposition in immortalized chicken preadipocyte by inhibiting cell proliferation and differentiation","volume":"103","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0255223","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02552-23","article-title":"Dietary supplementation with probiotics promotes weight loss by reshaping the gut microbiome and energy metabolism in obese dogs","volume":"12","author":"Kang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2024.109376","article-title":"Bile acid and short chain fatty acid metabolism of gut microbiota mediate high-fat diet induced intestinal barrier damage in Macrobrachium rosenbergii","volume":"146","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fish. Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7494","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c02345","article-title":"Probiotic modulation of lipid metabolism disorders caused by perfluorobutanesulfonate pollution in zebrafish","volume":"54","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, J., Gu, X., Zhang, H., Zhao, L., Wang, J., Wang, X., Tao, H., Wang, Z., and Han, B. (2025). Application of Probiotics in Cats and Dogs: Benefits and Mechanisms. Vet. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12101008"}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/19\/3111\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T09:14:49Z","timestamp":1791191689000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/19\/3111"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]]},"references-count":112,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ani16193111"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani16193111","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]]}}}