{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T09:53:53Z","timestamp":1791194033586,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lions (Panthera leo) are keystone predators and an iconic species for wildlife conservation. Understanding their behaviour is critical for effective conservation strategies and for ensuring animal welfare in human-managed environments. Ethograms\u2014systematic descriptions of behavioural repertoires\u2014are essential tools for observing, recording, and analysing animal behaviour. Although numerous ethograms have been developed for lions, the lack of standardization and variability in content hinder comparative research and welfare assessment. This study aimed to develop a comprehensive ethogram for lions, based on a systematic review of published sources (following PRISMA guidelines), critical examination of definitions, and video-based observations of captive individuals. As a result, we propose a new ethogram comprising 83 behavioural patterns grouped into 13 functional categories: affiliative (10), aggressive (2), agonistic (7), environment-directed (9), fear-related (2), feeding (9), locomotor (8), maintenance (5), marking (5), potentially stereotypic (7), reproductive (4), resting (7), and other behaviours (8). This ethogram is designed to be both comprehensive and adaptable, supporting its potential application across diverse research contexts, from behavioural monitoring to welfare evaluations. By advancing standardization in behavioural terminology and structure, this work provides a basis for more consistent and comparable data in ethological studies, ultimately supporting evidence-based decision-making in the management and welfare of captive lions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16193122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T08:57:18Z","timestamp":1791190638000},"page":"3122","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bridging Gaps in Panthera leo Ethograms: A Systematic Review and Adaptable Model for Animal Welfare Research"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3965-9622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D\u00e9bora Silvia","family":"Racciatti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"C\u00e1tedra de Bienestar Animal y Etolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires C1427CWO, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0273-9824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oriol","family":"Tall\u00f3-Parra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Welfare Education Center (AWEC), AWEC Advisors S.L., Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Ciencia Animal y de los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2061-4179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xavier","family":"Manteca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Welfare Education Center (AWEC), AWEC Advisors S.L., Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Ciencia Animal y de los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9756-7582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Blanco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"C\u00e1tedra de Sociolog\u00eda Rural, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires C1427CWO, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4659-6519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H\u00e9ctor Ricardo","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"C\u00e1tedra de Bienestar Animal y Etolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires C1427CWO, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tallo-Parra, O., Salas, M., and Manteca, X. 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