{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T03:23:31Z","timestamp":1761017011965,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,9]],"date-time":"2013-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1373328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In a long term research project in Germany the influence of husbandry on the health of fattening turkeys (Study 1) as well as the influence of practiced rearing conditions on the health of turkey poults (Study 2) was examined in 24 farms and at the meat processing plant. In all examined rearing farms, litter samples for the determination of litter moisture were taken. This paper summarizes the results obtained by our working group from 2007 until 2012. The results elucidate the universal problem of foot pad dermatitis (FPD). Nearly 100% of the observed turkeys showed a clinically apparent FPD at the meat processing plant. Furthermore, skin lesions of the breast, especially breast buttons were diagnosed, particularly at the slaughterhouse. FPD was detected in the first week of the rearing phase. Prevalence and degree showed a progressive development up to the age of 22\u201335 days, whereas 63.3% of the poults had foot pad alterations. As even mild alterations in the foot pad condition can be indicators for suboptimal design of the rearing environment, especially high litter moisture, it is important to focus on the early rearing phase.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani3030608","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,9]],"date-time":"2013-07-09T11:22:00Z","timestamp":1373368920000},"page":"608-628","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Impact of Selected Factors on the Occurrence of Contact Dermatitis in Turkeys on Commercial Farms in Germany"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Maria-Elisabeth","family":"Krautwald-Junghanns","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Birds and Reptiles, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 17, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9888-653X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shana","family":"Bergmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, Chair of Animal Welfare, Ethology, Animal Hygiene and Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterin\u00e4rstr. 13\/R, D-80539 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Erhard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, Chair of Animal Welfare, Ethology, Animal Hygiene and Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterin\u00e4rstr. 13\/R, D-80539 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karsten","family":"Fehlhaber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 1, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jens","family":"H\u00fcbel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Birds and Reptiles, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 17, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Ludewig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 1, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heike","family":"Mitterer-Istyagin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 1, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Ziegler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, Chair of Animal Welfare, Ethology, Animal Hygiene and Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterin\u00e4rstr. 13\/R, D-80539 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Bartels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Birds and Reptiles, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 17, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Statistisches Bundesamt. Available online:http:\/\/www.destatis.de."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"271","article-title":"Erhebungen zur Haltung und Gesundheit von Mastputen in Deutschland","volume":"122","author":"Ellerich","year":"2009","journal-title":"Berl. M\u00fcnch. Tier\u00e4rztl. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2010-01046","article-title":"Examinations on the prevalence of foot pad lesions and breast skin lesions in British United Turkeys Big 6 fattening turkeys in Germany.  Part I: Prevalence of foot pad lesions","volume":"90","author":"Ellerich","year":"2011","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2010-01142","article-title":"Examinations on the prevalence of foot pad lesions and breast skin lesions in B.U.T. Big 6 fattening turkeys in Germany. Part II: Prevalence of breast skin lesions (Breast Buttons and Breast Blisters)","volume":"90","author":"Ludewig","year":"2011","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2012-02851","article-title":"Prevalence and severity of foot pad alterations in German turkey poults during the early rearing phase","volume":"92","author":"Bergmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1186\/BF03548496","article-title":"Rearing conditions and foot-pad dermatitis in Swedisch turkey poults","volume":"38","author":"Ekstrand","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Buda, S., Platt, S., and Budras, K.D. (2002, January 15\u201318). Sensory nerve endings in the foot pads of turkeys. Proceedings of 4th International Symposium on Turkey Diseases, Berlin, Germany."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1080\/00071660500475392","article-title":"Foot pad dermatitis develops at an early age in commercial turkeys","volume":"47","author":"Mayne","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brit. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Berk, J. (2007, January 21\u201323). Can alternative kinds of litter reduce foot pad lesions in female turkeys?. Proceedings of 4th International Symposium on Turkey Production: Current Changes, Berlin, Germany."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.3923\/ijps.2010.1125.1135","article-title":"Experimental study on effects of litter material and its quality on foot pad dermatitis in growing turkeys","volume":"89","author":"Youssef","year":"2010","journal-title":"Intern. J. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1079\/WPS200458","article-title":"A review of the aetiology and possible causative factors of foot pad dermatitis in growing turkeys and broilers","volume":"61","author":"Mayne","year":"2005","journal-title":"World\u2019s Poult. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Spindler, B. (2007). Pathologisch-anatomische und histologische Untersuchungen an Gelenken und Fu\u00dfballen bei Puten der Linie B.U.T. Big 6 bei der Haltung mit und ohne Au\u00dfenklimabereich. [Diss. med. vet., Tier\u00e4rztliche Hochschule Hannover]."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1637\/9684-021011-Reg.1","article-title":"Effects of floor heating and litter quality on the development and severity of foot pad dermatitis in young turkeys","volume":"55","author":"Beineke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2010-01202","article-title":"Turkeys are equally susceptible to foot pad dermatitis from 1 to 10 weeks of age and foot pad scores were minimized when litter moisture was less than 30%","volume":"90","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"181","article-title":"Auswirkungen des Stallklimas auf die Fu\u00dfballengesundheit von Mastputen der Herkunft B.U.T.6 in der Aufzuchtphase","volume":"126","author":"Ziegler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Berl. M\u00fcnch. Tier\u00e4rztl. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Berk, J. (2009, January 28\u201330). Effects of different types of litter on performance and pododermatitis in male turkeys. Proceedings of 5th International Symposium on Turkey Production: Toward better Welfare and Health, Berlin, Germany."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Hafez, H.M., Rudolf, M., Haase, S., Hauck, R., Behr, K.-P., Bergmann, V., and G\u00fcnther, R. (2005, January 28\u201330). Influence of stocking density and litter material on the incidence of pododermatitis of turkeys. Proceedings of 3rd International Symposium on Turkey Production: Prospects on Future Developments, Berlin, Germany."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"379","article-title":"Einfluss der Substratfeuchte im Futter- und Tr\u00e4nkebereich auf die Fu\u00dfballengesundheit von Mastputen","volume":"125","author":"Schumacher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Berl. M\u00fcnch. Tier\u00e4rztl. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"26","article-title":"Die Tiergesundheit von Nutztierbest\u00e4nden als ein zentrales Element des Tierschutzes und der Lebensmittelsicherheit","volume":"16","author":"Blaha","year":"2009","journal-title":"Amtstier\u00e4rztl. Dienst Lebensmittelk."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1017\/S0043933908000068","article-title":"Standard European footpad dermatitis scoring system for use in turkey processing plants","volume":"64","author":"Hocking","year":"2008","journal-title":"World\u00b4s Poult. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Available online:http:\/\/www.R-project.org."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Venables, W.N., and Ripley, B.D. (2002). Modern Applied Statistics with S, Springer. [4th ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-21706-2"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Ellerich, R. (2012). Pr\u00e4valenz von Ver\u00e4nderungen der Haut und ihrer Anhangsorgane bei Mastputen. [Diss. med. vet., University of Leipzig]."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richter, T. (2006). Krankheitsursache Haltung, Enke Verlag.","DOI":"10.1055\/b-002-46952"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Jodas, S., and Hafez, H.M. (2000, January 14\u201317). Litter management und related diseases in turkeys. Proceedings of 3rd International Symposium on Turkey Diseases, Berlin, Germany."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1079\/WPS19990010","article-title":"Animal welfare and intensive production of turkey broilers","volume":"55","author":"Martrenchar","year":"1999","journal-title":"World\u2019s Poult. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1080\/00071669987403","article-title":"The influence of stocking density on different behavioural, health, and productivity traits of turkey broilers kept in large flocks","volume":"40","author":"Martrenchar","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brit. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5877(01)00259-8","article-title":"Risk factors for foot-pad dermatitis in chicken and turkey broilers in France","volume":"52","author":"Martrenchar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Bundeseinheitliche Eckwerte f\u00fcr eine freiwillige Vereinbarung zur Haltung von Mastputen. Available online:http:\/\/www.zdg-online.de\/presse\/detailansicht\/?user_zdgdocs_pi2[entry]=663."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Aviagen. B.U.T.6 Commercial Performance Goals.. Available online:http:\/\/www.aviagenturkeys.com\/media\/25230\/but_6_commercial_performance_goals.pdf."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Rudolf, M. (2008). Einfluss von Besatzdichte und Einstreumaterial auf die Pododermatitis bei Mastputen. [Diss. med. vet., Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin]."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"147","article-title":"Einfl\u00fcsse der F\u00fctterung und Haltung auf die Fu\u00dfballengesundheit bei H\u00fchnern und Puten","volume":"39","author":"Kamphues","year":"2011","journal-title":"\u00dcbers. Tierern\u00e4hr."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1080\/00071660701573045","article-title":"High litter moisture alone is sufficient to cause foot pad dermatitis in growing turkeys","volume":"48","author":"Mayne","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brit. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1080\/03079458508436237","article-title":"Ulcerative dermatitis in broiler chickens: The effects of wet litter","volume":"14","author":"Martland","year":"1984","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/3\/3\/608\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:47:49Z","timestamp":1760219269000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/3\/3\/608"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,9]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ani3030608"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani3030608","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-2615"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,9]]}}}