{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T03:04:51Z","timestamp":1791428691029,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,28]],"date-time":"2015-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1440720000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite the research on opportunities to automatically measure lameness in cattle, lameness detection systems are not widely available commercially and are only used on a few dairy farms. However, farmers need to be aware of the lame cows in their herds in order treat them properly and in a timely fashion. Many papers have focused on the automated measurement of gait or behavioral cow characteristics related to lameness. In order for such automated measurements to be used in a detection system, algorithms to distinguish between non-lame and mildly or severely lame cows need to be developed and validated. Few studies have reached this latter stage of the development process. Also, comparison between the different approaches is impeded by the wide range of practical settings used to measure the gait or behavioral characteristic (e.g., measurements during normal farming routine or during experiments; cows guided or walking at their own speed) and by the different definitions of lame cows. In the majority of the publications, mildly lame cows are included in the non-lame cow group, which limits the possibility of also detecting early lameness cases. In this review, studies that used sensor technology to measure changes in gait or behavior of cows related to lameness are discussed together with practical considerations when conducting lameness research. In addition, other prerequisites for any lameness detection system on farms (e.g., need for early detection, real-time measurements) are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani5030388","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]],"date-time":"2015-09-01T10:55:58Z","timestamp":1441104958000},"page":"861-885","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":94,"title":["Lameness Detection in Dairy Cows: Part 2. Use of Sensors to Automatically Register Changes in Locomotion or Behavior"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Annelies","family":"Van Nuffel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Technology and Food Science Unit, Precision Livestock Farming, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Burgemeester van Gansberghelaan 115 bus 1, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingrid","family":"Zwertvaegher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technology and Food Science Unit, Precision Livestock Farming, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Burgemeester van Gansberghelaan 115 bus 1, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Van Weyenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technology and Food Science Unit, Precision Livestock Farming, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Burgemeester van Gansberghelaan 115 bus 1, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matti","family":"Pastell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Green Technology, Koetilantie 5, 00790 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivi","family":"Thorup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INRA, UMR 791 Systemic Modelling of Ruminant Nutrition, 16 rue Claude Bernard,  75231 Paris cedex 05, France"},{"name":"AgroParisTech, UMR 791 Systemic Modelling of Ruminant Nutrition, 16 rue Claude Bernard, 75231 Paris cedex 05, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Bahr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division Measure, Model and Manage BioResponses, Department of Biosystems, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30 bus 2456, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bart","family":"Sonck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Sciences Unit, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Scheldeweg 68, 9090 Melle, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5849-4301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wouter","family":"Saeys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors (MeBioS), Department of Biosystems, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30 bus 2456, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Nuffel, A., Zwertvaegher, I., Pluym, L., Van Weyenberg, S., Thorup, V.M., Pastell, M., Sonck, B., and Saeys, W. (2015). Lameness detection in dairy cows: Part 1. How to distinguish between non-lame and lame cows based on differences in locomotion or behavior?. Animals.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani5030387"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2010.10.006","article-title":"Impact of lameness on gait characteristics and lying behaviour of zero grazed dairy cattle in early lactation","volume":"129","author":"Blackie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5533","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2014-8129","article-title":"Effect of merging levels of locomotion scores for dairy cows on intra- and interrater reliability and agreement","volume":"97","author":"Bokkers","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4045","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2010-3062","article-title":"Association between milk yield and seriel locomotion score assessments in UK dairy cows","volume":"93","author":"Archer","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7991","DOI":"10.3390\/s100907991","article-title":"Sensors and clinical mastitis\u2014The quest for the perfect alert","volume":"10","author":"Hogeveen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1928","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2012-6107","article-title":"Sensors to support health management on dairy farms","volume":"96","author":"Rutten","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.13031\/2013.7707","article-title":"A system for identifying lameness in dairy cattle","volume":"18","author":"Rajkondawar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Eng. Agr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.13031\/2013.9941","article-title":"The development of an objective lameness scoring system for dairy herds: pilot study","volume":"45","author":"Rajkondawar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trans. ASABE"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4267","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(06)72473-0","article-title":"Comparison of models to identify lame cows based on gait and lesion scores, and limb movement variables","volume":"89","author":"Rajkondawar","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3294","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2007-0076","article-title":"Association between a visual and an automated locomotion score in lactating Holstein cows","volume":"90","author":"Bicalho","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2539","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2008-1301","article-title":"Enhancing the prediction accuracy of bovine lameness models through transformations of limb movement variables","volume":"92","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022029911000057","article-title":"Diversity in the magnitude of hind limb unloading occurs with similar forms of lameness in dairy cows","volume":"78","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dairy Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1159\/000147433","article-title":"Measurement Techniques in Animal Locomotion Analysis","volume":"146","author":"Schamhardt","year":"1993","journal-title":"Acta Anatomica"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/0007-1935(89)90005-5","article-title":"Changes in limb loading with lameness for a number of friesian cattle","volume":"145","author":"Scott","year":"1989","journal-title":"Brit. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2012.10.002","article-title":"Computerized identification and classification of stance phases as made by front or hind feet of walking cows based on 3-dimensional ground reaction forces","volume":"90","author":"Thorup","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Electr. Agr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7679","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2014-8410","article-title":"Changes in gait symmetry in healthy and lame dairy cows based on 3-dimensional ground reaction forces following claw trimming","volume":"97","author":"Thorup","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2007.09.003","article-title":"Automatic observation of cow leg health using load sensors","volume":"62","author":"Pastell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comput. Electr. Agric."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2005.09.009","article-title":"Assessing cows\u2019 welfare: Weighing the cow in a milking robot","volume":"93","author":"Pastell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2283","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2006-267","article-title":"A probabilistic neural network model for lameness detection","volume":"90","author":"Pastell","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2007.08.087","article-title":"Application of CUSUM charts to detect lameness in a milking robot","volume":"35","author":"Pastell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.162.12.365","article-title":"Use of force sensors to detect and analyse lameness in dairy cows","volume":"162","author":"Kujala","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2503","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(06)72325-6","article-title":"Hoof discomfort changes how dairy cattle distribute their body weight","volume":"89","author":"Neveux","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3039","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2009-2987","article-title":"Effect of analgesia during hoof trimming on gait, weight distribution, and activity of dairy cattle","volume":"93","author":"Chapinal","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2007","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2009-2803","article-title":"Automated methods for detecting lameness and measuring analgesia in dairy cattle","volume":"93","author":"Chapinal","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2009-2385","article-title":"Measures of weight distribution of dairy cows to detect lameness and the presence of hoof lesions","volume":"93","author":"Pastell","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6523","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2012-5742","article-title":"Validation of an automated method to count steps while cows stand on a weighing platform and its application as a measure to detect lameness","volume":"95","author":"Chapinal","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(02)74216-1","article-title":"The pressure distribution under the bovine claw during square standing on a flat substrate","volume":"85","author":"Metz","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2875","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(03)73884-3","article-title":"The vertical ground reaction force and the pressure distribution on the claws of dairy cows while walking on a flat substrate","volume":"86","author":"Metz","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2011.06.003","article-title":"Development of a real time cow gait tracking and analysing tool to assess lameness using a pressure sensitive walkway: The GAITWISE system","volume":"110","author":"Maertens","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"433","article-title":"Can people see gait irregularities?","volume":"19","author":"Sprenger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anim. Welf."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2013.06.013","article-title":"Exploration of measurement variation of gait variables for early lameness detection in cattle using the GAITWISE","volume":"156","author":"Vangeyte","year":"2013","journal-title":"Livestock Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Van Nuffel, A. (2014). Development of an automated detection system for lameness in cattle: The Gaitwise system. [Ph.D. Thesis, Katholic University of Leuven]."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3166","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(05)73000-9","article-title":"Hoof pathologies influence kinematic measures of dairy cow gait","volume":"88","author":"Flower","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2008.05.016","article-title":"Automatic detection of lameness in dairy cattle\u2014Vision-based trackway analysis in cow's locomotion","volume":"64","author":"Song","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comput. Electr. Agric."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.13031\/2013.32580","article-title":"Evaluation of step overlap as an automatic measure in dairy cow locomotion","volume":"53","author":"Pluk","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trans. ASABE"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1738","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2011-4547","article-title":"Automatic measurement of touch and release angles of the fetlock joint for lameness detection in dairy cattle using vision techniques","volume":"95","author":"Pluk","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2010.07.004","article-title":"Real-time automatic lameness detection based on back posture extraction in dairy cattle: Shape analysis of cow with image processing techniques","volume":"74","author":"Poursaberi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput. Electr. Agric."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poursaberi, A., Bahr, C., Pluk, A., Berckmans, D., Veerm\u00e4e, I., Kokin, E., and Pokalainen, V. (2011, January 22\u201324). Online lameness detection in dairy cattle using Body Movement Pattern (BMP). Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Intelligent Systems Designs and Applications, Cordoba, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISDA.2011.6121743"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2012-5806","article-title":"Analysis of individual classification of lameness using automatic measurement of back posture in dairy cattle","volume":"96","author":"Viazzi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4286","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2012-6188","article-title":"Lameness detection based on multivariate continuous sensing of milk yield, rumination, and neck activity","volume":"96","author":"Maltz","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Poursaberi, A., Bahr, C., Pluk, A., Maertens, W., Veerm\u00e4e, I., Kokin, E., Praks, J., Pokalainen, V., Pastell, M., Ahokas, J., Van Nuffel, A., Vangeyte, J., Sonck, B., and Berckmans, D. (2009, January 21\u201324). Image based separation of dairy cows for automatic lameness detection with a real time vision system. Proceedings of ASABE Annual International Meeting, St Joseph, NE, USA."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2013.11.005","article-title":"Comparison of a three-dimensional and two-dimensional camera system for automated measurements of back posture in dairy cows","volume":"100","author":"Viazzi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Electr. Agric."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2014.01.009","article-title":"Automatic lameness detection based on consecutive 3D-video recordings","volume":"119","author":"Viazzi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1053\/tvjl.2001.0618","article-title":"The role of thermography in the management of equine lameness","volume":"162","author":"Eddy","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(05)72954-4","article-title":"Short communication: Infrared thremography and visual examination of hooves of dairy cows in two stages of lactation","volume":"88","author":"Nikkhah","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2011-4762","article-title":"Detection of hoof lesions using digital infrared thermography in dairy cows","volume":"95","author":"Alsaaod","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2012.06.052","article-title":"An investigation into the use of infrared thermography (IRT) as a rapid diagnostic tool for foot lesions in dairy cattle","volume":"193","author":"Stokes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"883","article-title":"A field investigation of the use of the pedometer for the early detection of lameness in cattle","volume":"47","author":"Mazrier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2011.12.008","article-title":"Lying patterns of high producing healthy dairy cows after calving in commercial herds as affected by age, environmental conditions and production","volume":"136","author":"Steensels","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2009.09.007","article-title":"A wireless accelerometer system with wavelet analysis for assessing lameness in cattle","volume":"104","author":"Pastell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2895","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2010-3882","article-title":"Measurement of acceleration while walking as an automated method for gait assessment in dairy cattle","volume":"94","author":"Chapinal","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thorup, V.M., Munksgaard, L., Robert, P.-E., Erhard, H.W., Thomsen, P.T., and Friggens, N.C. (2015). Lameness detection via leg-mounted accelerometers on dairy cows on four commercial farms. Animal.","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731115000890"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2012.10.001","article-title":"Electronic detection of lameness in dairy cows through measuring pedometric activity and lying behavior","volume":"142","author":"Alsaaod","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"304","article-title":"Automatic monitoring of lying, standing and walking behavior in dairy cattle","volume":"84","author":"Munksgaard","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2007.05.014","article-title":"A brief note on the validation of a system for recording lying behaviour in dairy cows","volume":"111","author":"Boyle","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6546","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2012-5670","article-title":"Lying behavior of lactating dairy cows is influenced by lameness especially around feeding time","volume":"95","author":"Yunta","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2883","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2010-3855","article-title":"The effect of lameness on the resting behavior and metabolic status of dairy cattle during the transition period in a freestall-housed dairy herd","volume":"94","author":"Calderon","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7043","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2013-6993","article-title":"Applying additive logistic regression to data derived from sensors monitoring behavioral and physiological characteristics of dairy cows to detect lameness","volume":"96","author":"Kamphuis","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3703","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2012-6305","article-title":"Applicability of day-to-day variation in behavior for the automated detection of lameness in dairy cows","volume":"96","author":"Andre","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2009.04.004","article-title":"Improving the automated monitoring of dairy cows by integrating various data acquisition systems","volume":"68","author":"Liberati","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comput. Electr. Agric."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7476","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2014-7982","article-title":"Lameness detection challenges in automated milking systems addressed with partial least squares discriminant analysis","volume":"97","author":"Garcia","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3052","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(06)72579-6","article-title":"Prevalence of lameness in high-producing Holstein cows housed in freestall barns in Minnesota","volume":"89","author":"Espejo","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2010.02.014","article-title":"Working towards a reduction in cattle lameness: 1. Understanding barriers to lameness control on dairy farms","volume":"89","author":"Leach","year":"2010","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3564","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2012-5597","article-title":"Association between locomotion score and kinematic measures in dairy cows with a varying hoof lesion type","volume":"96","author":"Blackie","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3553","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2009-2951","article-title":"Lying behavior as an indicator of lameness in dairy cows","volume":"93","author":"Ito","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.05.012","article-title":"Effect of lameness and lesion specific causes of lameness on time budgets of dairy cows at pasture and when housed","volume":"197","author":"Navarro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2009.02.020","article-title":"Mastitis and lameness detection in dairy cows by application of fuzzy logic","volume":"125","author":"Kramer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Livestock Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2012.06.010","article-title":"Detection of mastitis and lameness in dairy cows using wavelet analysis","volume":"148","author":"Miekley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Livestock Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5723","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2012-6460","article-title":"Implementation of multivariate cumulative sum control charts in mastitis and lameness monitoring","volume":"96","author":"Miekley","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4317","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2013-7512","article-title":"Lameness impairs feeding behaviour of dairy cows","volume":"97","author":"Norring","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2008-1297","article-title":"Board invited review: Using behavior to predict and identify ill health in animals","volume":"87","author":"Weary","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5487","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2011-4395","article-title":"The effect of lameness on the fertility of dairy cattle in a seasonally breeding pasture-based system","volume":"94","author":"Alawneh","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Hertem, T., Steensels, M., Viazzi, S., Bahr, C., Romanini, C.E.B., Lokhorst, C., Schlageter-Tello, A., Maltz, E., Halachmi, I., and Berckmans, D. (2014, January 25\u201329). Effect if cow traffic on an implemented automatic 3D vision monitor for dairy cow locomotion. Proceedings of the 65th Annual Meeting of the European Federation of Animal Science, Copenhagen, Denmark.","DOI":"10.3920\/9789086867998_050"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.138.23.563","article-title":"Incidence and prevalence of lameness in dairy cattle","volume":"138","author":"Clarkson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Zimmerman, A. (2001). Lameness in Dairy Cattle: Are Activity Levels, Hoof Lesions and Lameness Correlated? Faculty of Land and Food Systems. [Ph.D. Thesis, The University of British Colombia]."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2013.04.005","article-title":"Dairy farmers\u2019 attitudes and intentions towards improving dairy cow foot health","volume":"155","author":"Bruijnis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Livestock Sci."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2523","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2011-4993","article-title":"Mastitis alert preferences of farmers milking with automatic milking systems","volume":"95","author":"Mollenhorst","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aland, A., and Banhazi, T. (2014). Livestock Housing 22. Modern Management to Ensure Optimal Health and Welfare of Farm Animals, Wageningen Academic Publishers.","DOI":"10.3920\/978-90-8686-771-4"}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/5\/3\/388\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:47:35Z","timestamp":1760215655000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/5\/3\/388"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,28]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ani5030388"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani5030388","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,28]]}}}