{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T08:16:24Z","timestamp":1781165784340,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,31]],"date-time":"2017-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1509408000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of trap-neuter-return (TNR) as a humane alternative to the lethal management of free-roaming cats has been on the rise for several decades in the United States; however a relative paucity of data from TNR programs exists. An iconic community-wide TNR effort; initiated in 1992 and renowned for having eliminated hundreds of free-roaming cats from the Newburyport; Massachusetts waterfront; is cited repeatedly; yet few details appear in the literature. Although the presence of feline population data was quite limited; a detailed narrative emerged from an examination of contemporaneous reports; extant TNR program documents; and stakeholder testimony. Available evidence indicates that an estimated 300 free-roaming cats were essentially unmanaged prior to the commencement of the TNR program; a quick reduction of up to one-third of the cats on the waterfront was attributed to the adoption of sociable cats and kittens; the elimination of the remaining population; over a 17-year period; was ascribed to attrition. These findings illuminate the potential effectiveness of TNR as a management practice; as well as call attention to the need for broad adoption of systematic data collection and assessment protocols.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani7110081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,31]],"date-time":"2017-10-31T12:48:31Z","timestamp":1509454111000},"page":"81","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["An Examination of an Iconic Trap-Neuter-Return Program: The Newburyport, Massachusetts Case Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Daniel","family":"Spehar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, 4758 Ridge Road, #409, Cleveland, OH 44144, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Wolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Best Friends Animal Society, 5001 Angel Canyon Road, Kanab, UT 84741, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Rowan, A.N. 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