{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T16:56:06Z","timestamp":1790787366495,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,10]],"date-time":"2019-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1547078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Scotland's Rural College","award":["1030700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1030700"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Several animal welfare issues persist in practice despite extensive research which has been linked to the unwillingness of stakeholders to make changes. For example, most farmers do not perceive pig aggression to be a problem that requires action despite the fact that stress and injuries are common, and that several solutions exist. Frequent exposure to animal suffering could affect farmer responses to distressed animals. This study investigated for the first time whether this occurs, using pig aggression as a focus. Using video clips, 90 pig farmers judged the severity of aggression, level of pig exhaustion and the strength of their own emotional response. Their judgments were compared to objective measures of severity (pigs\u2019 skin lesions and blood lactate), and against control groups with similar pig experience (10 pig veterinarians) and without experience (26 agricultural students; 24 animal science students). Famers did not show desensitization to aggression. However, all groups underestimated the outcome of aggression when they did not see the fight occurring as compared to witnessing a fight in progress. We suggest that farmers be provided with evidence of the economic and welfare impact of aggression as indicated by lesions and that they be advised to score lesions on affected animals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9010022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,11]],"date-time":"2019-01-11T04:10:16Z","timestamp":1547179816000},"page":"22","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Farmer Perceptions of Pig Aggression Compared to Animal-Based Measures of Fight Outcome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Rachel S. E.","family":"Peden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Behaviour &amp; Welfare, Animal and Veterinary Sciences Research Group, Scotland\u2019s Rural College (SRUC), West Mains Rd., Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3427-2210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"Camerlink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Welfare Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterin\u00e4rplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7080-1776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura A.","family":"Boyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Teagasc, Pig Development Department, Animal &amp; Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy Co., Cork P61 C997, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0395-2368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faical","family":"Akaichi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Land Economy Environment and Society Research Group, Scotland\u2019s Rural College (SRUC), West Mains Rd., Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon P.","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Behaviour &amp; Welfare, Animal and Veterinary Sciences Research Group, Scotland\u2019s Rural College (SRUC), West Mains Rd., Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1591(02)00282-4","article-title":"Transferring results of behavioral research to industry to improve animal welfare on the farm, ranch and the slaughter plant","volume":"81","author":"Grandin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731115001974","article-title":"Invited review: Improving neonatal survival in small ruminants: Science into practice","volume":"10","author":"Dwyer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2004.02.008","article-title":"The impact of applied ethologists and the International Society for Applied Ethology in improving animal welfare","volume":"86","author":"Millman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chc.2014.08.001","article-title":"Playing Violent Video Games and Desensitization to Violence","volume":"24","author":"Brockmyer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Child Adolesc. Psychiatr. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fox, M.W., and Mickley, L.D. (1985). Empathy, Humaneness and Animal Welfare. Advances in Animal Welfare Science 1984, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-4998-0"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2006.05.003","article-title":"The effect of video game violence on physiological desensitization to real-life violence","volume":"43","author":"Carnagey","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Exp. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.39.2.201","article-title":"Longitudinal relations between children\u2019s exposure to TV violence and their aggressive and violent behavior in young adulthood: 1977\u20131992","volume":"39","author":"Huesmann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Latan\u00e9, B., and Darley, J.M. (1970). The Unresponsive Bystander: Why Doesn\u2019t He Help?, Appleton-Century Crofts."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1985.613556x","article-title":"A quantitative ethogram of aggressive and submissive behaviours in recently regrouped pigs","volume":"61","author":"McGlone","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2016.11.009","article-title":"Farmers\u2019 perceptions of aggression between growing pigs","volume":"192C","author":"Camerlink","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peden, R.S.E., Akaichi, F., Camerlink, I., Boyle, L.A., and Turner, S.P. (2019). Factors influencing farmer willingness to reduce aggression between pigs. Animals, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9010006"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2014.09.011","article-title":"Hierarchy formation in newly mixed, group housed sows and management strategies aimed at reducing its impact","volume":"160","author":"Greenwood","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1974.395834x","article-title":"Effects of Mixing Pigs during the Growing-Finishing Period","volume":"39","author":"Sherritt","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2804","DOI":"10.2527\/1994.72112804x","article-title":"The effects of regrouping on behavioural and production parameters in finishing swine","volume":"72","author":"Stookey","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2006.05.007","article-title":"Pig\u2019s responses to repeated social regrouping and relocation during the growing-finishing period","volume":"105","author":"Coutellier","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1071\/RD02012","article-title":"Susceptibility of reproduction in female pigs to impairment by stress and the role of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis","volume":"14","author":"Turner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Reprod. Fertil. Dev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.domaniend.2005.02.031","article-title":"Susceptibility of reproduction in female pigs to impairment by stress or elevation of cortisol","volume":"29","author":"Turner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Domest. Anim. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Einarsson, S., Brandt, Y., Lundeheim, N., and Madej, A. (2008). Stress and its influence on reproduction in pigs: A review. Acta Vet. Scand., 50.","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0147-50-48"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(01)00472-3","article-title":"Long-term effects of social stress on antiviral immunity in pigs","volume":"73","author":"Ruis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(98)00084-5","article-title":"Effects of social status after mixing on immune, metabolic, and endocrine responses in pigs","volume":"64","author":"Tuchscherer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2005.06.009","article-title":"The accumulation of skin lesions and their use as a predictor of individual aggressiveness in pigs","volume":"96","author":"Turner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731108002723","article-title":"Pre-slaughter conditions, animal stress and welfare: Current status and possible future research","volume":"2","author":"Terlouw","year":"2008","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2018.03.003","article-title":"The translation of animal welfare research into practice: The case of mixing aggression between pigs","volume":"204","author":"Peden","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2018.05.004","article-title":"Housing, ease of handling and minimising inter-pig aggression at mixing for nursery to finishing pigs as reported in a survey of North American pork producers","volume":"205","author":"Ison","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"63","article-title":"Minimizing inter-pig aggression during mixing","volume":"26","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pig News Inf."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"\u0160pinka, M. (2018). Breeding for pig welfare: Opportunities and challenges. Advances in Pig Welfare, Woodhead Publishing."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2015.07.032","article-title":"Aggressiveness as a component of fighting ability in pigs using a game-theoretical framework","volume":"108","author":"Camerlink","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015012403331","article-title":"Dealing with ambivalence: Farmers\u2019 and consumers\u2019 perceptions of animal welfare in livestock breeding","volume":"15","author":"Aarts","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Agric. Environ. Ethics"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2007.09.017","article-title":"Do citizens and farmers interpret the concept of farm animal welfare differently?","volume":"116","author":"Vanhonacker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Livest. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1007\/s10806-014-9513-z","article-title":"Same Pig, Different Conclusions: Stakeholders Differ in Qualitative Behaviour Assessment","volume":"27","author":"Duijvesteijn","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Agric. Environ. Ethics"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2016.10.010","article-title":"Empathy toward animals and people: The role of gender and length of service in a sample of Italian veterinarians","volume":"17","author":"Colombo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Vet. Behav. Clin. Appl. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1163\/156853093X00028","article-title":"The Motivational Bases of Attitudes toward Animals","volume":"1","author":"Hills","year":"1993","journal-title":"Soc. Anim."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.2752\/089279306785415439","article-title":"Stakeholder attitudes toward farm animal welfare","volume":"19","author":"Heleski","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anthrozoos"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.2752\/089279307780216687","article-title":"Gender differences in human-animal interactions: A review","volume":"20","author":"Herzog","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anthrozoos"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-007-9171-2","article-title":"Bayesian analysis of genetic associations of skin lesions and behavioural traits to identify genetic components of individual aggressiveness in pigs","volume":"38","author":"Turner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Behav. Genet."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2013.08.004","article-title":"Pig farmers\u2019 perceptions, attitudes, influences and management of information in the decision-making process for disease control","volume":"116","author":"Alarcon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1591(02)00281-2","article-title":"Changing concepts of farm animal welfare: Bridging the gap between applied and basic research","volume":"81","author":"Rushen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1591(96)01151-3","article-title":"D.G.M. Wood-Gush Memorial lecture: Why has there not been more progress in animal welfare research?","volume":"53","author":"Dawkins","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Russell, W.M.S., and Burch, R.L. (1959). The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique, Methuen."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Rosenthal, R. (1976). Experimenter Effects in Behavioral Research, John Wiley."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, C., Yoo, S.K., Park, Y., Kim, N., Jeong, K., and Lee, B. (2006, January 17\u201318). Using neural network to recognize human emotions from heart rate variability and skin resistance. Proceedings of the 2005 27th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2005.1615734"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3652","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2011-4691","article-title":"Assessing pig body language: Agreement and consistency between pig farmers, veterinarians, and animal activists","volume":"90","author":"Wemelsfelder","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/9\/1\/22\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:25:03Z","timestamp":1760185503000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/9\/1\/22"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,10]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ani9010022"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani9010022","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,10]]}}}