{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T04:33:39Z","timestamp":1790742819489,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,10]],"date-time":"2019-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1557446400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Long distance transport of livestock from Patagonia to central Chile involves both road and sea transport and has a potential impact on the welfare of animals. Fifty Bos taurus cattle of approximate age six months were exposed to a journey of four days, with both the sea and road components undertaken in a truck (roll-off roll-on system) with two pens of different dimensions. Thirty-two and eighteen cattle were randomly allocated to two treatment groups: Low and High welfare standards, which were provided 0.66 m2\/head and 0.86 m2\/head, respectively, and a fixed amount of feed and water daily to each pen, 1.25 kg hay\/head and 3.1 L water\/head in the Low welfare treatment and 2.22 kg\/head and 5.6 L\/head in the High welfare treatment, respectively. Low welfare animals had increased plasma total protein and albumin, which is suggested to be due to limited water availability, and also haptoglobin, suggesting inflammatory responses. Cattle in the High welfare treatment spent more time eating and ruminating than those in the Low space allowance, but they had increased cortisol at the end of the journey, perhaps reflecting increased fighting with more space. Cattle welfare in both treatments was adversely affected by the limited feed and water supplies, with increased beta-hydroxybutyrate at the end of the voyage; total protein was increased in just the low welfare standard group where low space allowance and less food and water was provided. Creatine phosphokinase also increased after the journey, compared with before, indicating bruising. Limiting feed and water availability to cattle in the low welfare treatment resulted in physiological evidence of undernutrition and low hydration status, but it also reduced the stress response, probably because there was less fighting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9050229","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,13]],"date-time":"2019-05-13T03:57:07Z","timestamp":1557719827000},"page":"229","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Physiological and Behavioural Responses of Cattle to High and Low Space, Feed and Water Allowances During Long Distance Transport in the South of Chile"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Grisel","family":"Navarro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Animal Welfare and Ethics, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland 4343, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viviana","family":"Bravo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencia Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, OIE Collaborating Centre for Animal Welfare and Livestock Production Systems\u2014Chile, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Gallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencia Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, OIE Collaborating Centre for Animal Welfare and Livestock Production Systems\u2014Chile, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1926-6357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clive J. C.","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Animal Welfare and Ethics, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland 4343, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Aguayo, L., and Gallo, C. (2005). Tiempos de viaje y densidades de carga usadas para bovinos transportados v\u00eda mar\u00edtima y terrestre desde la Regi\u00f3n de Ays\u00e9n a la zona centro-sur de Chile, Res\u00famenes XII Congreso Latinoamericano de Buiatr\u00eda y VII Jornadas Chilenas de Buiatr\u00eda. (In Spanish)."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Appleby, M.C., Cussen, V., Garc\u00e9s, L., Lambert, L., and Turner, J. (2008). South America. Long Distance Transport and Welfare of Farm Animals, CABI. [1st ed.]. 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