{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:41:43Z","timestamp":1760240503014,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]],"date-time":"2019-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561939200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31772624"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31772624"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018YFD0501600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFD0501600"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of intravenous infusions of L-glutamine (Gln) on the autophagy and apoptosis of duodenum cells in early-weaned calves. Holstein male calves were weaned at day 35 (20 male calves, birth weight 43 \u00b1 1.8 kg; 35 \u00b1 3 d of age) and randomly allocated to four treatments (5 calves\/treatment). The treatments were: (1) infusion of NaCl, representing the control group (C); (2) infusion of 10 g\/d of Gln solution (L); (3) infusion of 20 g\/d of Gln solution (M); and (4) infusion of 40 g\/d of Gln solution (H). The solutions were infused for 2 h daily for 3 consecutive days after weaning. All calves were killed on the third day post-weaning. The results showed that the autophagy level of the duodenal cells was increased as the Gln infusions increased from 0 to 20 g\/d and dropped with a further increase in dose (40 g\/d). We also found that the level of apoptosis was decreased with Gln infusion from 0 to 20 g\/d and rose as the dose increased to 40 g\/d. This knowledge provides a reference for weaned calf health management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9070404","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]],"date-time":"2019-07-01T03:59:46Z","timestamp":1561953586000},"page":"404","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The Effect of Intravenous Infusions of Glutamine on Duodenal Cell Autophagy and Apoptosis in Early-Weaned Calves"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Xusheng","family":"Dong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ruminant Nutrition and Physiology Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruina","family":"Zhai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhaolin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ruminant Nutrition and Physiology Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xueyan","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ruminant Nutrition and Physiology Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhonghua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ruminant Nutrition and Physiology Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8161-1668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiyong","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ruminant Nutrition and Physiology Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2515S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/131.9.2515S","article-title":"Why is l-glutamine metabolism important to cells of the immune system in health, postinjury, surgery or infection?","volume":"131","author":"Newsholme","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. 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