{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T14:24:49Z","timestamp":1788791089222,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,31]],"date-time":"2019-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We developed a finite element model (FEM) of the equine stifle joint to identify pressure peaks and simulate translocation and deformation of the menisci. A series of sectional magnetic resonance images (1.5 T) of the stifle joint of a 23 year old Shetland pony gelding served as basis for image segmentation. Based on the 3D polygon models of femur, tibia, articular cartilages, menisci, collateral ligaments and the meniscotibial ligaments, an FEM model was generated. Tissue material properties were assigned based on data from human (Open knee(s) project) and bovine femoro-tibial joint available in the literature. The FEM model was tested across a range of motion of approximately 30\u00b0. Pressure load was overall higher in the lateral meniscus than in the medial. Accordingly, the simulation showed higher translocation and deformation in the lateral compared to the medial meniscus. The results encourage further refinement of this model for studying loading patterns on menisci and articular cartilages as well as the resulting mechanical stress in the subchondral bone (femur and tibia). A functional FEM model can not only help identify segments in the stifle which are predisposed to injury, but also to better understand the progression of certain stifle disorders, simulate treatment\/surgery effects and to optimize implant\/transplant properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9080502","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,31]],"date-time":"2019-07-31T11:37:07Z","timestamp":1564573027000},"page":"502","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Finite Element Modelling Simulated Meniscus Translocation and Deformation during Locomotion of the Equine Stifle"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Pasquale","family":"Zellmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University Equine Hospital, Vetmeduni Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iris","family":"Ribitsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University Equine Hospital, Vetmeduni Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"Handschuh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VetCore Facility for Research, Imaging Unit, Vetmeduni Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Peham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University Equine Hospital, Vetmeduni Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2010.00291.x","article-title":"Meniscal translocation and deformation throughout the range of motion of the equine stifle joint: An in vitro cadaveric study","volume":"43","author":"Fowlie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Equine Vet. 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