{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T01:14:37Z","timestamp":1791854077539,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,2]],"date-time":"2019-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The effects of feeding different postbiotics on growth performance, carcass yield, intestinal morphology, gut microbiota, immune status, and growth hormone receptor (GHR) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) gene expression in broilers under heat stress were assessed in this study. A total of 252 one-day-old male broiler chicks (Cobb 500) were randomly assigned in cages in identical environmentally controlled chambers. During the starter period from 1 to 21 days, all the birds were fed the same basal diet. On day 22, the birds were weighed and randomly divided into six treatment groups and exposed to cyclic high temperature at 36 \u00b1 1 \u00b0C for 3 h per day from 11:00 to 14:00 until the end of the experiment. From day 22 to 42 (finisher period), an equal number of birds were subjected to one of the following diets: NC (negative control) basal diet; PC (positive control) basal diet + 0.02% oxytetracycline; or AA (ascorbic acid) basal diet + 0.02% ascorbic acid. The other three groups (RI11, RS5 and UL4) were basal diet + 0.3% different postbiotics (produced from different Lactobacillus plantarum strains, and defined as RI11, RS5 and UL4, respectively). The results demonstrated that birds fed RI11 diets had significantly higher final body weight, total weight gain and average daily gain than the birds that received the NC, PC and AA treatments. The feed conversion ratio was significantly higher in the RI11 group compared with the other groups. Carcass parameters were not affected by the postbiotic-supplemented diet. Postbiotic supplementation improved villi height significantly in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum compared to the NC, PC and AA treatments. The crypt depth of the duodenum and ileum was significantly higher in NC group compared to other treatment groups except RI11 in duodenum, and UL4 in ileum was not different with NC groups. The villus height to crypt depth ratio of duodenum and ileum was significantly higher for the postbiotic treatment groups and AA than the PC and NC treatment groups. The postbiotic RI11 group recorded significantly higher caecum total bacteria and Lactobacillus count and lower Salmonella count compared to the NC and PC treatment groups. The Bifidobacterium population in the NC group was significantly lower compared to the other treatment groups. The postbiotic (RI11, RS5 and UL4) and AA treatment groups showed lower Enterobacteriaceae and E. coli counts and caecal pH than the NC and PC treatment groups. The plasma immunoglobulin M (IgM) level was significantly higher in the birds receiving postbiotic RI11 than those receiving other treatments. The plasma immunoglobulin G (IgG) level was higher in the RI11 treatment group than in the NC, AA and RS5 groups. The plasma immunoglobulin A (IgA) level was not affected by postbiotic supplements. The hepatic GHR mRNA expression level was significantly increased in birds fed postbiotics RI11, RS5 and UL4, AA and PC compared to the NC-fed birds. Postbiotic RI11 led to significantly higher hepatic IGF-1 mRNA expression level compared to the NC, PC, and AA treatments. Mortality was numerically lesser in the postbiotic treatment groups, but not significantly different among all the treatments. In conclusion, among the postbiotics applied in the current study as compared with NC, PC and AA, RI11 could be used as a potential alternative antibiotic growth promoter and anti-stress treatment in the poultry industry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9090644","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,3]],"date-time":"2019-09-03T03:06:14Z","timestamp":1567479974000},"page":"644","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":168,"title":["Effects of Feeding Different Postbiotics Produced by Lactobacillus plantarum on Growth Performance, Carcass Yield, Intestinal Morphology, Gut Microbiota Composition, Immune Status, and Growth Gene Expression in Broilers under Heat Stress"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Ali Merzza","family":"Humam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Baghdad, Baghdad 10071, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0752-2923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teck Chwen","family":"Loh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"},{"name":"Institutes of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5309-0965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hooi Ling","family":"Foo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"},{"name":"Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9758-7973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anjas Asmara","family":"Samsudin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"},{"name":"Institutes of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9288-797X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noordin Mohamed","family":"Mustapha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathology &amp; Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Idrus","family":"Zulkifli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"},{"name":"Institutes of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7842-9558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wan Ibrahim","family":"Izuddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2322","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pev246","article-title":"The effect of different degrees of feed restriction on heat shock protein 70, acute phase proteins, and other blood parameters in female broiler breeders","volume":"94","author":"Najafi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4471","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.8971","article-title":"Effects of chronic heat exposure on growth performance, intestinal epithelial histology, appetite\u2013related hormones and genes expression in broilers","volume":"98","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2003.10.006","article-title":"Effect of ascorbic acid and acute heat exposure on heat shock protein 70 expression by young white Leghorn chickens","volume":"136","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2003","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mgene.2015.08.003","article-title":"Expression profile of six stress-related genes and productive performances of fast and slow growing broiler strains reared under heat stress conditions","volume":"6","author":"Rimoldi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Meta Gene"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pev094","article-title":"Oxidative damage to poultry: From farm to fork","volume":"94","year":"2015","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2009.12.011","article-title":"Metabolic characteristics and oxidative damage to skeletal muscle in broiler chickens exposed to chronic heat stress","volume":"155","author":"Azad","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part A Mol. Integr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2009.90021","article-title":"The effects of the hot, humid tropical climate and early age feed restriction on stress and fear responses, and performance in broiler chickens","volume":"22","author":"Zulkifli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Asian-Australas J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1017\/S0043933911000742","article-title":"Heat stress and feeding strategies in meat-type chickens","volume":"67","author":"Syafwan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Worlds Poult. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/76.6.857","article-title":"Effect of high ambient temperature on feed digestibility in broilers","volume":"76","author":"Bonnet","year":"1997","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.3390\/ani3020356","article-title":"Impact of Heat Stress on Poultry Production","volume":"3","author":"Lara","year":"2013","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.3923\/ijps.2007.302.307","article-title":"Effect of xylanase supplementation and particle-size on performance of guinea fowl broilers fed wheat-based diets","volume":"4","author":"Tufarelli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2010-00812","article-title":"Heat stress impairs performance parameters, induces intestinal injury, and decreases macrophage activity in broiler chickens","volume":"89","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"23","article-title":"A comparison between the effects of a probiotic (Bioplus 2B) and an antibiotic (virginiamycin) on the performance of broiler chickens under heat stress condition","volume":"7","author":"Rahimi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Iran. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1080\/713654979","article-title":"Growth performance and immune response of two commercial broiler strains fed diets containing Lactobacillus cultures and oxytetracycline under heat stress conditions","volume":"41","author":"Zulkifli","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pev141","article-title":"Cytotoxic effects of oxytetracycline residues in the bones of broiler chickens following therapeutic oral administration of a water formulation","volume":"94","author":"Odore","year":"2015","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-4749-6-1","article-title":"Prevalence of antibiotic resistance in lactic acid bacteria isolated from the faeces of broiler chicken in Malaysia","volume":"6","author":"Shazali","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut Pathog."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"29","article-title":"No 1831\/2003 of the European Parliament and Council of 22 September 2003 on additives for use in animal nutrition","volume":"268","author":"Regulation","year":"2003","journal-title":"Off. J. Eur. Commun."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5649","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1503141112","article-title":"Global trends in antimicrobial use in food animals","volume":"112","author":"Brower","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"1","article-title":"In vitro Antibacterial Activity of Vitamin C and in Combination with Ciprofloxacin against Uropathogenic Escherichia coli","volume":"11","author":"Verghese","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2010.11.030","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of ascorbic acid alone or in combination with lactic acid on Escherichia coli O157: H7 in laboratory medium and carrot juice","volume":"22","author":"Tajkarimi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-8401(86)90046-5","article-title":"Effect of dietary ascorbic acid (vitamin C) supplementation on the performance of broiler chickens in a tropical environment","volume":"16","author":"Njoku","year":"1986","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.3923\/ijps.2008.655.660","article-title":"Effect of seasonal temperatures and ascorbic acid supplementation on performance of broiler chickens maintained in closed and open-sided houses","volume":"7","author":"Kadim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-6226(93)90050-R","article-title":"Changes in growth and blood parameters in heat-stressed broiler chicks in response to dietary ascorbic acid","volume":"36","author":"Kutlu","year":"1993","journal-title":"Livest. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/S0271-5317(02)00513-4","article-title":"Effects of chromium, and ascorbic acid supplementation on growth, carcass traits, serum metabolites, and antioxidant status of broiler chickens reared at a high ambient temperature (32\u00b0C)","volume":"23","author":"Sahin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pev058","article-title":"Vitamin C prevents the effects of high rearing temperatures on the quality of broiler thigh meat","volume":"94","author":"Ferreira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1515\/aoas-2016-0062","article-title":"Dietary supplementation of probiotics in poultry exposed to heat stress\u2014A review","volume":"17","author":"Sugiharto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gibson, G., Saavedra, J., MacFarlane, S., and MacFarlane, G. (1997). Probiotics and intestinal infections. Probiotics 2, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-011-5860-2_2"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-015-1103-x","article-title":"Dietary supplementation of a mixture of Lactobacillus strains enhances performance of broiler chickens raised under heat stress conditions","volume":"60","author":"Jahromi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2009.04352.x","article-title":"Identification and characterization of antibiotic resistance genes in Lactobacillus reuteri and Lactobacillus plantarum","volume":"107","author":"Roos","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2013.00202","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance in probiotic bacteria","volume":"4","author":"Gueimonde","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/S1521-6918(03)00055-6","article-title":"Basic aspects and pharmacology of probiotics: An overview of pharmacokinetics, mechanisms of action and side-effects","volume":"17","author":"Marteau","year":"2003","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1080\/00071660902873947","article-title":"Effects of feeding metabolite combinations produced by Lactobacillus plantarum on growth performance, faecal microbial population, small intestine villus height and faecal volatile fatty acids in broilers","volume":"50","author":"Thanh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2018.03.009","article-title":"Postbiotics: An evolving term within the functional foods field","volume":"75","author":"Garcia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-4749-6-23","article-title":"Inhibitory activity of postbiotic produced by strains of Lactobacillus plantarum using reconstituted media supplemented with inulin","volume":"6","author":"Kareem","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut Pathog."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"79","article-title":"Inhibitory property of metabolite combinations produced from Lactobacillus plantarum strains","volume":"36","author":"Choe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pertanika J. Trop. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"37","article-title":"Inhibitory activity of metabolites produced by strains of Lactobacillus plantarum isolated from Malaysian fermented food","volume":"5","author":"Thanh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Probiotics Prebiotics"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"1359","article-title":"Inhibitory activity and organic acid concentrations of metabolite combinations produced by various strains of Lactobacillus plantarum","volume":"10","author":"Foo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Afr. J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kareem, K.Y., Loh, T.C., Foo, H.L., Akit, H., and Samsudin, A.A. (2016). Effects of dietary postbiotic and inulin on growth performance, IGF1 and GHR mRNA expression, faecal microbiota and volatile fatty acids in broilers. BMC Vet. Res., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-016-0790-9"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-0929.2009.00701.x","article-title":"Feeding of different levels of metabolite combinations produced by Lactobacillus plantarum on growth performance, fecal microflora, volatile fatty acids and villi height in broilers","volume":"81","author":"Loh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anim. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"2758","article-title":"Effect of feeding metabolites and acidifier on growth performance, faecal characteristics and microflora in broiler chickens","volume":"10","author":"Rosyidah","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Anim. Vet. Adv."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loh, T.C., Choe, D.W., Foo, H.L., Sazili, A.Q., and Bejo, M.H. (2014). Effects of feeding different postbiotic metabolite combinations produced by Lactobacillus plantarum strains on egg quality and production performance, faecal parameters and plasma cholesterol in laying hens. BMC Vet. Res., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-10-149"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1080\/00071668.2012.659653","article-title":"Egg production, faecal pH and microbial population, small intestine morphology, and plasma and yolk cholesterol in laying hens given liquid metabolites produced by Lactobacillus plantarum strains","volume":"53","author":"Choe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1080\/09712119.2012.741046","article-title":"Effects of different levels of metabolite combination produced by Lactobacillus plantarum on growth performance, diarrhoea, gut environment and digestibility of postweaning piglets","volume":"41","author":"Loh","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Anim. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-010-9655-6","article-title":"Effects of liquid metabolite combinations produced by Lactobacillus plantarum on growth performance, faeces characteristics, intestinal morphology and diarrhoea incidence in postweaning piglets","volume":"43","author":"Thu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Izuddin, W.I., Loh, T.C., Samsudin, A.A., and Foo, H.L. (2018). In vitro study of postbiotics from Lactobacillus plantarum RG14 on rumen fermentation and microbial population. Rev. Bras. Zootec., 47.","DOI":"10.1590\/rbz4720170255"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9938","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-46076-0","article-title":"Postbiotic Lactobacillus plantarum RG14 improves ruminal epithelium growth, immune status and upregulates the intestinal barrier function in post-weaning lambs","volume":"9","author":"Izuddin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pew362","article-title":"Influence of postbiotic RG14 and inulin combination on cecal microbiota, organic acid concentration, and cytokine expression in broiler chickens","volume":"96","author":"Kareem","year":"2017","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.1501.01077","article-title":"Isolation of Lactic Acid Bacteria Showing Antioxidative and Probiotic Activities from Kimchi and Infant Feces","volume":"25","author":"Ji","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1111\/ijfs.12824","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of prebiotic ginseng polysaccharides combined with potential probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum C88","volume":"50","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2012.06.048","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of Lactobacillus plantarum strains isolated from traditional Chinese fermented foods","volume":"135","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"476","article-title":"Novel Bacteriocinogenic Lactobacillus plantarum Strains and Their Differentiation by Sequence Analysis of 16 S rDNA, 16 S-23 S and 23 S-5 S Intergenic Spacer Regions and Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA Analysis","volume":"48","author":"Moghadam","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Technol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-019-0323-z","article-title":"Comparative studies of versatile extracellular proteolytic activities of lactic acid bacteria and their potential for extracellular amino acid productions as feed supplements","volume":"10","author":"Lim","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"403","article-title":"Effect of feeding L. plantarum I-UL4 isolated from Malaysian Tempeh on growth performance, fecla flora and lactic acid bacteria and plasma cholesterol concentrations in post weaning rats","volume":"12","author":"Foo","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.17221\/1738-CJAS","article-title":"Effects on growth performance, faecal microflora and plasma cholesterol after supplementation of spray-dried metabolite to postweaning rats","volume":"54","author":"Loh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Czech J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Cobb-Vantress, S.S. (2008). Cobb 500 Broiler Performance and Nutrition Supplement, Siloam Springs. Available online: cobb-vantress.com."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Malaysian Standard, M. (2019, July 26). Halal Food\u2014Production, Preparation, Handling and Storage\u2014General Guideline, Available online: http:\/\/www.standardsmalaysia.gov.my."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.2527\/2002.802494x","article-title":"Effect of spray-dried plasma and lipopolysaccharide exposure on weaned pigs: I. Effects on the immune axis of weaned pigs","volume":"80","author":"Touchette","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms13022119","article-title":"Correlation coefficients between different methods of expressing bacterial quantification using real time PCR","volume":"13","author":"Navidshad","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1017\/S175173111600224X","article-title":"Protective potential of Lactobacillus species in lead toxicity model in broiler chickens","volume":"11","author":"Jahromi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3575","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.70.6.3575-3581.2004","article-title":"Characterization of bacterial communities in feces from healthy elderly volunteers and hospitalized elderly patients by using real-time PCR and effects of antibiotic treatment on the fecal microbiota","volume":"70","author":"Bartosch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.12.020","article-title":"Application of SYBR green real-time PCR assay for specific detection of Salmonella spp. in dairy farm environmental samples","volume":"102","author":"Nam","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6414","DOI":"10.4238\/2013.December.10.2","article-title":"Dietary methionine effects on IGF-I and GHR mRNA expression in broilers","volume":"12","author":"Gasparino","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genet. Mol. Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2013.10.003","article-title":"Alteration in lymphocyte responses, cytokine and chemokine profiles in chickens infected with genotype VII and VIII velogenic Newcastle disease virus","volume":"37","author":"Rasoli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2\u2212 \u0394\u0394CT method","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.6365","article-title":"Effects of dietary prebiotics, probiotic and synbiotics on performance, caecal bacterial populations and caecal fermentation concentrations of broiler chickens","volume":"94","author":"Mookiah","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1080\/0007166031000085445","article-title":"Effects of Lactobacillus cultures on growth performance, abdominal fat deposition, serum lipids and weight of organs of broiler chickens","volume":"44","author":"Kalavathy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2013-03455","article-title":"Effect of a probiotic mixture on intestinal microflora, morphology, and barrier integrity of broilers subjected to heat stress","volume":"93","author":"Song","year":"2014","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2235","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2012-02182","article-title":"Effect of supplementation of prebiotic mannan-oligosaccharides and probiotic mixture on growth performance of broilers subjected to chronic heat stress","volume":"91","author":"Sohail","year":"2012","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2013.13852","article-title":"Effects of Vitamin C or E on the Pro-inflammatory Cytokines, Heat Shock Protein 70 and Antioxidant Status in Broiler Chicks under Summer Conditions","volume":"27","author":"Jang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian-Australas J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1186\/s40064-016-3304-0","article-title":"Laying performance, digestibility and plasma hormones in laying hens exposed to chronic heat stress as affected by betaine, vitamin C, and\/or vitamin E supplementation","volume":"5","author":"Attia","year":"2016","journal-title":"SpringerPlus"},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"23","article-title":"Carcass, meat and bone quality of broiler chickens fed with postbiotic and prebiotic combinations","volume":"10","author":"Kareem","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Probiotics Prebiotics"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.3923\/ijps.2012.599.604","article-title":"The effects of biotic additives on growth performance and meat qualities in broiler chickens","volume":"11","author":"Shimokomakillal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.3923\/ijps.2011.854.862","article-title":"The effect of single or combined dietary supplementation of mannan oligosacharide and probiotics on performance and slaughter characteristics of broilers","volume":"10","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-635X2003000300009","article-title":"Effect of different probiotics on broiler carcass and meat quality","volume":"5","author":"Pelicano","year":"2003","journal-title":"Braz. J. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.4067\/S0719-81322018000100107","article-title":"Probiotics on performance, intestinal morphology and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens raised with lower or higher environmental challenge","volume":"50","author":"Stefani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Austral. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2395","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pev194","article-title":"Effect of dietary probiotic and high stocking density on the performance, carcass yield, gut microflora, and stress indicators of broilers","volume":"94","author":"Cengiz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0741622","article-title":"Posthatch changes in morphology and function of the small intestines in heavy- and light-strain chicks","volume":"74","author":"Uni","year":"1995","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/55.1.299s","article-title":"Physiology and pathophysiology of intestinal absorption","volume":"55","author":"Caspary","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/82.6.1030","article-title":"Effects of dietary fructooligosaccharide on digestive enzyme activities, intestinal microflora and morphology of male broilers","volume":"82","author":"Xu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1738","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/76.12.1738","article-title":"Jejunal glucose uptake and oxygen consumption in turkey poults selected for rapid growth","volume":"76","author":"Fan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2010.117","article-title":"Probiotics and the gut microbiota in intestinal health and disease","volume":"7","author":"Gareau","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms1939.45.331","article-title":"Effects of crowding and heat stress on intestinal flora, body weight gain, and feed efficiency of growing rats and chicks","volume":"45","author":"Suzuki","year":"1983","journal-title":"Nihon juigaku zasshi. J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-635X2013000400004","article-title":"Effects of feeding metabolite combinations from lactobacillus plantarum on plasma and breast meat lipids in Broiler Chickens","volume":"15","author":"Loh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Cienc. Avic."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.2174\/1389203717666160526123351","article-title":"The signal pathway of antibiotic alternatives on intestinal microbiota and immune function","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Protein Pept. Sci."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1079\/095442200108729089","article-title":"Perspectives on the role of the human gut microbiota and its modulation by pro-and prebiotics","volume":"13","author":"Steer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1021\/jf403288r","article-title":"Oral administration of Lactobacillus fermentum I5007 favors intestinal development and alters the intestinal microbiota in formula-fed piglets","volume":"62","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1080\/00071660500181461","article-title":"Bacillus cereus var. toyoii and Saccharomyces boulardii increased feed efficiency in broilers infected with Salmonella enteritidis","volume":"46","author":"Storch","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pearce, S.C., Mani, V., Boddicker, R.L., Johnson, J.S., Weber, T.E., Ross, J.W., Rhoads, R.P., Baumgard, L.H., and Gabler, N.K. (2013). Heat stress reduces intestinal barrier integrity and favors intestinal glucose transport in growing pigs. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0070215"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1734","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2008-00107","article-title":"Influence of stressors on normal intestinal microbiota, intestinal morphology, and susceptibility to Salmonella enteritidis colonization in broilers","volume":"87","author":"Burkholder","year":"2008","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.191.7.1253","article-title":"Deficiency in serum immunoglobulin (Ig)M predisposes to development of IgG autoantibodies","volume":"191","author":"Ehrenstein","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.111.4.1112","article-title":"Synthesis of IgG, IgA, IgM by chicken tissues: Immunofluorescent and 14C amino acid incorporation studies","volume":"111","author":"Bienenstock","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6943","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.15.6943","article-title":"Appearance of insulin-like growth factor mRNA in the liver and pyloric ceca of a teleost in response to exogenous growth hormone","volume":"92","author":"Shamblott","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E7554","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1607235113","article-title":"Gut microbiota induce IGF-1 and promote bone formation and growth","volume":"113","author":"Yan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-018-0395-3","article-title":"Gut Microbiota and IGF-1","volume":"102","author":"Yan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/9\/9\/644\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:16:11Z","timestamp":1760188571000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/9\/9\/644"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,2]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ani9090644"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani9090644","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,2]]}}}