{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T15:01:22Z","timestamp":1790694082882,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,15]],"date-time":"2019-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province","award":["2018ZDXM-NY-043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018ZDXM-NY-043"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Grape seed procyanidin extract (GSPE) has been shown to possess antioxidative effects. This experiment was designed to study the effect of GSPE during the liquid storage of goat semen. Semen samples were collected from six sexually mature goats. The samples were treated with different concentrations of GSPE (10, 30, 50, and 70 mg\/L) in basic diluent and stored at 4 \u00b0C for 120 h; samples without GSPE were used as the control group. The results showed that sperm motility, acrosome membrane integrity, mitochondrial activity, plasma membrane integrity, total antioxidative capacity (T-AOC), catalase (CAT) activity, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the treatment groups were significantly higher than in the control group, whereas malondialdehyde (MDA) content was lower than in the control group (p &lt; 0.05). In the treatment group, sperm quality in the 30 mg\/L GSPE group was significantly higher than the other groups (p &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, artificial insemination (AI) results showed that litter sizes were higher in the 30 mg\/L GSPE group than in the control group (p &lt; 0.05). In summary, this experiment showed that adding GSPE to the basic diluent improved sperm quality and that 30 mg\/L of GSPE was the most suitable concentration for the liquid preservation of goat semen at 4 \u00b0C.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9100810","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,16]],"date-time":"2019-10-16T03:32:54Z","timestamp":1571196774000},"page":"810","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Grape Seed Procyanidin Extract (GSPE) Improves Goat Sperm Quality When Preserved at 4 \u00b0C"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Fei","family":"Wen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A &amp; F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A &amp; F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianyu","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A &amp; F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeqing","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A &amp; F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fa","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A &amp; F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Likun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A &amp; F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A &amp; F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shulan","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A &amp; F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fangzhou","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A &amp; F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, School of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianhong","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A &amp; F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2019.02.011","article-title":"Lycium barbarum and Laminaria japonica polysaccharides improve Cashmere goat sperm quality and fertility rate after cryopreservation","volume":"129","author":"Ren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2017.07.021","article-title":"Semen deposition by cervical, transcervical and intrauterine route for fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) in the ewe","volume":"103","author":"Casali","year":"2017","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2008.01101.x","article-title":"Protocol optimization for long-term liquid storage of goat semen in a chemically defined extender","volume":"44","author":"Zhao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Reprod. 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