{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T22:54:35Z","timestamp":1785365675509,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,4]],"date-time":"2019-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Anticoagulant rodenticides are used to manage rodents in domestic, municipal, agricultural, and conservation settings. In mammals and birds, anticoagulant poisoning causes extensive hemorrhagic disruption, with the primary cause of death being severe internal bleeding occurring over days. The combined severity and duration of these effects represent poor welfare outcomes for poisoned animals. Noting a lack of formal estimates of numbers of rodents and nontarget animals killed by anticoagulant poisoning, the ready availability and worldwide use of anticoagulants suggest that very large numbers of animals are affected globally. Scrutiny of this rodent control method from scientific, public, and regulatory perspectives is being driven largely by mounting evidence of environmental transfer of residual anticoagulants resulting in harmful exposure in wild or domestic animals, but there is also nascent concern for the welfare of targeted rodents. Rodent control incurs a cumulative ledger of animal welfare costs over time as target populations reduced by poisoning eventually recover to an extent requiring another reduction. This \u2018rolling toll\u2019 presents a critical contrast to the animal welfare accountancy ledger for eradication scenarios, where rodent populations can be completely removed by methods including anticoagulant use and then kept from coming back (e.g., on islands). Successful eradications remove any future need to control rodents and to incur the associated animal welfare costs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9110919","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,5]],"date-time":"2019-11-05T06:47:57Z","timestamp":1572936477000},"page":"919","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Anticoagulant Rodenticides, Islands, and Animal Welfare Accountancy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1268-4537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Penny","family":"Fisher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Ecology and Management Team, Landcare Research, Lincoln, Canterbury 7608, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl J.","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Island Conservation, Puerto Ayora, Gal\u00e1pagos Islands 200350, Ecuador"},{"name":"School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton 4343, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregg R.","family":"Howald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Island Conservation, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA"},{"name":"Island Conservation, Vancouver, BC V6B, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce","family":"Warburton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Ecology and Management Team, Landcare Research, Lincoln, Canterbury 7608, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van den Brink, N.W., Elliott, J.E., Shore, R.F., and Rattner, B.A. (2018). 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