{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T19:05:58Z","timestamp":1790708758500,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,5]],"date-time":"2019-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Population density and distribution of the four native European wild Caprines (Rupicapra rupicapra, Rupicapra pyrenaica, Capra ibex, Capra pyrenaica) have increased in recent decades. The improved conservation status of this valuable wildlife, while a welcome event in general terms, is at the same time a matter of concern since, intuitively, frequent and tighter contacts with sympatric livestock imply a greater risk of cross-transmission of emerging and re-emerging pathogens, and offer unexpected opportunities for pathogens to spread, persist and evolve. This article recalls the transmissible diseases that are perceived in Europe to be of major significance from a conservation perspective, namely brucellosis (BRC) by Brucella melitensis, infectious kerato-conjunctivitis (IKC) by Mycoplasma conjunctivae, pestivirosis (PV) by the border disease virus strain 4 and mange by Sarcoptes scabiei. Special emphasis has been put on the epidemiological role played by small domestic ruminants, and on key knowledge needed to implement evidence-based prevention and control strategies. Remarkably, scientific evidence demonstrates that major demographic downturns in affected wild Caprinae populations in recent decades have often been triggered by pathogens cross-transmitted at the livestock\/wildlife interface.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9110922","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,5]],"date-time":"2019-11-05T06:47:57Z","timestamp":1572936477000},"page":"922","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Sanitary Emergencies at the Wild\/Domestic Caprines Interface in Europe"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Luca","family":"Rossi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2603-4172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Tizzani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luisa","family":"Rambozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1478-8436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Moroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pier Giuseppe","family":"Meneguz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Apollonio, M., Andersen, R., and Putman, R. (2010). Ungulates and their management in Spain. European Ungulates and Their Management in the 21th Century, Cambridge University Press. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Apollonio, M., Andersen, R., and Putman, R. (2010). Ungulates and their management in Italy. European Ungulates and Their Management in the 21th Century, Cambridge University Press. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1","article-title":"Banca Dati Ungulati: Status, distribuzione, consistenza, gestione e prelievo venatorio delle popolazioni di Ungulati in Italia. Rapporto 2001\u20132005","volume":"117","author":"Carnevali","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol. Cons. Fauna"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Tosi, G., Pedrotti, L., Mustoni, A., and Carlini, E. (2012). Lo stambecco in Lombardia e sull\u2019Arco Alpino, Istituto Oikos."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Antonucci, A., and Di Domenico, G. (2014, January 17\u201319). Life is a risky business: Status and conservation perspectives of the last ancient population of endemic Apennine chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica ornata). Proceedings of the Chamois International Congress, Majella National Park, Italy."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2907.2002.00097.x","article-title":"Distribution, status and conservation problems of the Spanish Ibex, Capra pyrenaica Mammalia: Artiodactyla","volume":"32","author":"Granados","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mammal Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1007\/s10344-007-0118-y","article-title":"Effect of domestic sheep on chamois activity, distribution and abundance on sub-alpine pastures","volume":"54","author":"Giacometti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wildl. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268805004693","article-title":"Contact rates and exposure to inter-species disease transmission in mountain ungulates","volume":"134","author":"Richomme","year":"2006","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"(2019, October 24). European Wildlife Disease Association. Available online: https:\/\/ewda.org\/."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"(2019, October 24). Groupe d\u2019Etude sur l\u2019Ecopathologie de la Faune Sauvage de Montagne. Available online: https:\/\/www.geefsm.eu\/."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Gauthier, D., Hars, J., and Rossi, L. (1998, January 16\u201320). Brucellosis in free ranging chamois Rupicapra rupicapra and its relationships with domestic breeding. Proceedings of the Third Conference of European Wildlife Disease Association, Edinburg, Scotland."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"229","article-title":"Monitoraggio di un focolaio di brucellosi nel camoscio alpino","volume":"7","author":"Ferroglio","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Mt. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1007\/s10344-006-0077-8","article-title":"Cohabitation of a Brucella melitensis infected Alpine ibex Capra ibex with domestic small ruminants in an enclosure in Gran Paradiso National Park, in Western Italian Alps","volume":"53","author":"Ferroglio","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wildl. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.32.1.2180","article-title":"Brucellosis in terrestrial wildlife","volume":"32","author":"Godfroid","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"National Research Council (1998). Brucellosis in the Greater Yellowstone Area, The National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1992","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1912.130167","article-title":"Transmission of Brucellosis from Elk to Cattle and Bison, Greater Yellowstone Area, USA, 2002\u20132012","volume":"19","author":"Rhyan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2009.131517","article-title":"Reemergence of Brucella melitensis infection in wildlife, France","volume":"20","author":"Hars","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mick, V., Le Carrou, G., Corde, Y., Game, Y., Jay, M., and Garin-Bastuji, B. (2014). Brucella melitensis in France: Persistence in wildlife and probable spillover from Alpine ibex to domestic animals. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0094168"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"14","article-title":"La brucellose des bouquetins du massif du Bargy Haute-Savoie: O\u00f9enest-on en 2015?","volume":"70","author":"Hars","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bull. \u00c9pid\u00e9miol. Sant\u00e9 Anim. Aliment."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"25","article-title":"Vaccination anti-brucellique du Bouquetin des Alpes (Capra ibex), une option pour l\u2019assainissement du massif du Bargy? Comparaison du niveau d\u2019innocuit\u00e9 conjonctivale du vaccin rev.1 chez le Bouquetin des Alpes et la ch\u00e8vre domestique (C. hircus)","volume":"74","author":"Ponsart","year":"2019","journal-title":"\u00c9pid\u00e9miol. Sant\u00e9 Anim."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Anses (2019, November 04). Avis de l\u2019Agence nationale de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 sanitaire de l\u2019alimentation, de l\u2019environnement et du travail relatif \u00e0 \u00abl\u2019\u00e9valuation approfondie et r\u00e9actualis\u00e9e de mesures de ma\u00eetrise du foyer de brucellose chez les bouquetins du Bargy. Available online: https:\/\/www.anses.fr\/fr\/system\/files\/SABA2016SA0229.pdf."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"401","article-title":"Economic impact of Bluetongue: A review of the effects on production","volume":"51","author":"Rushton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Ital."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Coetzer, J.A.W., and Tustin, R.C. (2004). Infectious Diseases of Livestock, Oxford University Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12061","article-title":"Bluetongue Dynamics in French Wildlife: Exploring the Driving Forces","volume":"61","author":"Rossi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"88","article-title":"Role of wild ruminants in the epidemiology of bluetongue virus serotypes 1, 4 and 8 in Spain","volume":"421","author":"Pujols","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2010.03.012","article-title":"Experimental infection of European red deer Cervus elaphus with bluetongue virus serotypes 1 and 8","volume":"145","author":"Falconi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2010.10.023","article-title":"Epidemiological surveillance of bluetongue virus serotypes 1, 4 and 8 in Spanish ibex Capra pyrenaica hispanica in southern Spain","volume":"149","author":"Pujols","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"1047","article-title":"Bluetongue virus serotype 1 in wild ruminants, France, 2008\u20132010","volume":"484","author":"Nussbaum","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Casaubon, J., Chaignat, V., Vogt, H.R., Michel, A.O., Th\u00fcr, B., and Ryser-Degiorgis, M.P. (2013). Survey of bluetongue virus infection in free-ranging wild ruminants in Switzerland. BMC Vet. Res., 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-9-166"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2014.09.015","article-title":"Wild ungulates as sentinel of BTV-8 infection in piedmont areas","volume":"174","author":"Grego","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lorca-Or\u00f3, C., Pujols, J., Garc\u00eda-Bocanegra, I., Mentaberre, G., Granados, J.E., Solanes, D., Fandos, P., Galindo, I., Domingo, M., and Lav\u00edn, S. (2012). Protection of Spanish Ibex (Capra pyrenaica) against Bluetongue Virus Serotypes 1 and 8 in a Subclinical Experimental Infection. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036380"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12371","article-title":"Exposure of Wildlife to the Schmallenberg Virus in France (2011\u20132014): Higher, Faster, Stronger (than Bluetongue)!","volume":"64","author":"Rossi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162520","DOI":"10.4061\/2011\/162520","article-title":"Shared Bacterial and Viral Respiratory Agents in Bighorn Sheep (Ovis canadensis), Domestic Sheep (Ovis aries), and Goats (Capra hircus) in Montana","volume":"2011","author":"Miller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Int."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.153.19.592","article-title":"Serological study of a population of Alpine chamois Rupicapra rupicapra affected by an outbreak of respiratory disease","volume":"15319","author":"Citterio","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.21.2.1338","article-title":"Infectious keratoconjunctivitis of ibex, chamois and other Caprinae","volume":"212","author":"Giacometti","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Crampe, J.-P. Personal communication."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Jones, G.E. (1991). Infectious keratoconjunctivitis. Diseases of Sheep, Blackwell Scientific Publications. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Gauthier, D. (1991). La k\u00e9rato-conjonctivite infectieuse du chamois; \u00e9tude \u00e9pid\u00e9miologique dans le d\u00e9partement de la Savoie 1983\u20131990. [Ph.D. Thesis, National Veterinary School of Lyon, University of Lyon]."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"520","article-title":"An outbreak of infectious keratoconjunctivitis in Alpine chamois in Simmental-Gruyeres, Switzerland","volume":"1429","author":"Degiorgis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Schweiz. Archiv. Tierheilkd."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arnal, M., Herrero, J., de la Fe, C., Revilla, M., Prada, C., Mart\u00ednez-Dur\u00e1n, D., G\u00f3mez-Mart\u00edn, A., Fern\u00e1ndez-Arberas, O., Amores, J., and Contreras, A. (2013). Dynamics of an infectious keratoconjunctivitis outbreak by Mycoplasma conjunctivae on Pyrenean Chamois Rupicapra p. pyrenaica. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061887"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"3","article-title":"The possible role of eye-frequenting flies in the transmission of Mycoplasma conjunctivae","volume":"72","author":"Degiorgis","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Swiss Entomol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gelormini, G., Gauthier, D., Vilei, E.M., Crampe, J.P., Frey, J., and Ryser-Degiorgis, M.P. (2017). Infectious keratoconjunctivitis in wild Caprinae: Merging field observations and molecular analyses sheds light on factors shaping outbreak dynamics. BMC Vet. Res., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-017-0972-0"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-38.2.297","article-title":"Mycoplasma conjunctivae infection is not maintained in alpine chamois in eastern Switzerland","volume":"38","author":"Giacometti","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-48.3.619","article-title":"Occurrence, quantification, and genotyping of Mycoplasma conjunctivae in wild Caprinae with and without infectious keratoconjunctivitis","volume":"48","author":"Mavrot","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2008.08.005","article-title":"Detection of Mycoplasma conjunctivae in the eyes of healthy, free-ranging Alpine ibex: Possible involvement of Alpine ibex as carriers for the main causing agent of infectious keratoconjunctivitis in wild Caprinae","volume":"134","author":"Bischof","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fernandez-Aguilar, X., Cabezon, O., Frey, J., Velarde, R., Serrano, E., Colom-Cadena, A., Gelormini, G., Marco, I., Mentaberre, G., and Lavin, S. (2017). Long-term dynamics of Mycoplasma conjunctivae at the wildlife-livestock interface in the Pyrenees. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0186069"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-41.3.606","article-title":"Detection of a newly described pestivirus of Pyrenean chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica pyrenaica) in France","volume":"41","author":"Frolich","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.4267\/2042\/47701","article-title":"First description of pestivirus disease in Rupicapra pyrenaica pyrenaica","volume":"157","author":"Alzieu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bull. Acad. V\u00e9t. France"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1503.081155","article-title":"Border disease virus among chamois, Spain","volume":"15","author":"Marco","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gavier-Widen, D., Duff, P., and Meredith, A. (2012). Weissen-Boch, H. Other virus infection. Infectious Diseases of Wild Mammals and Birds in Europe, Wliley-Blackwell. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118342442"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Sirera, L., Cabez\u00f3n, O., Allepuz, A., Rosell, R., Riquelme, C., Serrano, E., Lav\u00edn, S., and Marco, I. (2012). Two different epidemiological scenarios of border disease in the populations of Pyrenean chamois Rupicapra p. pyrenaica after the first disease outbreaks. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0051031"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2012.02.017","article-title":"Polymorphisms at MHC class II DRB1 exon 2 locus in Pyrenean chamois Rupicapra pyrenaica pyrenaica","volume":"5","author":"Cavallero","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luzzago, C., Ebranati, E., Cabez\u00f3n, O., Fern\u00e1ndez-Sirera, L., Lav\u00edn, S., Rosell, R., Veo, C., Rossi, L., Cavallero, S., and Lanfranchi, P. (2016). Spatial and Temporal Phylogeny of Border Disease Virus in Pyrenean Chamois Rupicapra p. pyrenaica. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0168232"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.7589\/2017-03-055","article-title":"Self-clearance of Pestivirus in a Pyrenean Chamois Rupicapra pyrenaica Population","volume":"54","author":"Garel","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.04.014","article-title":"Seroprevalence of pestivirus in four species of alpine wild ungulates in the High Valley of Susa, Italy","volume":"108","author":"Dominici","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2010.07.010","article-title":"Epidemiology of Pestivirus infection in wild ungulates of the French South Alps","volume":"27","author":"Martin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-42.3.685","article-title":"Serosurvey of roe deer, chamois and domestic sheep in the central Italian Alps","volume":"423","author":"Gaffuri","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s10344-009-0322-z","article-title":"Prevalence of antibodies against selected agents shared between Cantabrian chamois Rupicapra pyrenaica parva and domestic goats","volume":"56","author":"Falconi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wildl. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Sirera, L. Personal communication."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2013.04.018","article-title":"The neglected navigating web of the incomprehensibly emerging and re-emerging Sarcoptes mite","volume":"17","author":"Alasaad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"42","article-title":"Die Gamsraude in den Alpen","volume":"321","author":"Miller","year":"1986","journal-title":"Z. Jagdwiss."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"86","article-title":"The dynamics of sarcoptic mange in the ibex population of Sierra Nevada in Spain\u2013Influence of climatic factors","volume":"2","author":"Granados","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Wild. Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-35.4.647","article-title":"Sarcoptic mange in spanish ibex from Spain","volume":"35","author":"Cubero","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"163","article-title":"Epizootiology of sarcoptic mange in a population of cantabrian chamois Rupicapra pyrenaica parva in northwestern Spain","volume":"15","author":"Ballesteros","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-40.3.456","article-title":"Population effects of sarcoptic mange in barbary sheep Ammotragus lervia from Sierra Espu\u00f1a Regional Park, Spain","volume":"40","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s10344-006-0067-x","article-title":"Descriptive epidemiology of a scabies epidemic in chamois in the Dolomite Alps, Italy","volume":"53","author":"Rossi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wildl. Res."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Barber\u00eda, F.J., and Palacios, B. (2009). La evoluci\u00f3n de la poblaci\u00f3n del rebeco en la cordillera Cant\u00e1brica. El Rebeco Cant\u00e1brico (Rupicapra pyrenaica parva). Conservaci\u00f3n y Gesti\u00f3n de sus Poblaciones, Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, Medio Rural y Marino. Naturaleza y Parques Nacionales. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Junta Rectora del Parque Natural Sierra de las Nieves, Consejer\u0131a de Medio Ambiente, and Junta de Andaluc\u0131a (1992, January 20\u201322). Epidemiolog\u0131a de la sarna sarcoptica en el Parque Natural de las Sierras de Cazorla, Segura y Las Villas. Proceedings of the International Congress on the Genus Capra in Europe, Ronda, Spain."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"233","article-title":"The epizootiology of sarcoptic mange in chamois, Rupicapra rupicapra, from the Italian eastern Alps","volume":"37","author":"Rossi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Parassitologia"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4053","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2008.03892.x","article-title":"Disentangling the effects of recombination, selection, and demography on the genetic variation at a major histocompatibility complex class II gene in the alpine chamois","volume":"1718","author":"Mona","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"12","article-title":"Sex-specific selection for MHC variability in Alpine chamois","volume":"15","author":"Schaschl","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Evol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0450.2000.00406.x","article-title":"Experimental infection of chamois Rupicapra pyrenaica parva with Sarcoptes scabiei derived from naturally infected goats","volume":"479","author":"Lavin","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. B Infect. Dis. Vet. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2006.02.010","article-title":"A severe episode of wildlife-derived scabies in domestic goats in Italy","volume":"70","author":"Menzano","year":"2007","journal-title":"Small Rum. Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.g373","article-title":"Border disease virus: Time to take more notice?","volume":"174","author":"Sandvik","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/9\/11\/922\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:31:58Z","timestamp":1760189518000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/9\/11\/922"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,5]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ani9110922"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani9110922","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,5]]}}}