{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T20:59:34Z","timestamp":1774904374600,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,20]],"date-time":"2019-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The present study was conducted to assess the effect of replacing fish meal with whey protein concentrate (WPC) on the growth performance, histopathological condition of organs, economic efficiency, disease resistance to intraperitoneal inoculation of Aeromonas hydrophila, and the immune response of Oreochromis niloticus. The toxicity of WPC was tested by measuring the activity of caspase 3 as an indicator of cellular apoptosis. Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings with average initial weight 18.65 \u00b1 0.05 gm\/fish (n = 225) for a 10-week feeding trial. The fish were randomly allocated to five experimental groups, having five replacement percentages of fish meal with WPC: 0%, 13.8%, 27.7%, 41.6%, and 55.5% (WPC0, WPC13.8, WPC27.7, WPC41.6, and WPC55.5); zero percentage represented the control group. The results show that the fish fed WPC had the same growth performance as the WPC0. The total weight of bacterially challenged surviving fish increased linearly and quadratically (p \u2264 0.05) by increasing the replacement percentage of fish meal with WPC. The growth hormone, nitric oxide, IgM, complement 3, and lysozyme activity were seen to increase significantly in WPC27.7, especially after a bacterial challenge. The phagocytic percentage and phagocytic index increased significantly in WPC27.7, WPC41.6, and WPC55.5 groups. Histopathological examination of liver sections was badly affected by high replacement in WPC41.6\u201355.5. The activity of caspase 3 in the immunohistochemical stained sections of the intestine was increased significantly by increasing the inclusion level of WPC. Economically, the total return of the total surviving fish after the bacterial challenge was increased significantly by fish meal replacement with WPC. It could be concluded that WPC could replace the fish meal in Nile tilapia diets up to 27.7%, with improving the gut health, the total weight of survival fish, and immune status of fish challenged with A. hydrophila. High inclusion levels of WPC are not recommended in fish diets, since they negatively affected the intestinal and liver tissues and increased the level of cellular apoptosis, as indicated by the increased caspase 3 activity. Further researches are recommended to evaluate the effect of fish meal replacement with WPC on the histopathological examination of the kidney and to test the capacity of serum IgM to clot the bacteria used for the challenge.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9121003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,20]],"date-time":"2019-11-20T11:06:03Z","timestamp":1574247963000},"page":"1003","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["The Effect of Dietary Replacement of Fish Meal with Whey Protein Concentrate on the Growth Performance, Fish Health, and Immune Status of Nile Tilapia Fingerlings, Oreochromis niloticus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8349-0425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shimaa A.","family":"Amer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition &amp; Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Osman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 4451, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5679-2532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naif A.","family":"Al-Gabri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Thamar University, Dahamar 1519, Yemen"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shafika A. M.","family":"Elsayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ghada I.","family":"Abd El-Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0138-825X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed Tharwat","family":"Elabbasy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Public Health and Molecular Diagnostics and Personalized Therapeutics Center (CMDPT), Hail University, Hail 2440, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Food Control Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shaimaa A. A.","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fish Diseases and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rowida E.","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fish Diseases and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2008.08.015","article-title":"Global overview on the use of fish meal and fish oil in industrially compounded aquafeeds: Trends and future prospects","volume":"285","author":"Tacon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00118109","article-title":"Replacement of fish meal in salmonid diets by soya meal reduces phosphorus excretion","volume":"3","author":"Bergheim","year":"1995","journal-title":"Aquac. 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