{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T06:10:53Z","timestamp":1793513453802,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,5]],"date-time":"2019-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The objectives of this study were to evaluate the occurrence of microorganisms, the antimicrobial susceptibility profile, and the presence of multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria in the urine of clinically healthy dogs and dogs with cystitis. The urine was collected through cystocentesis. Subsequently, culture and antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed. The isolates were classified based on their resistance profile, to evaluate the presence of MDR bacteria. Statistical analyses were performed using the chi-squared or Fisher\u2019s exact tests. Bacterial isolates were present in 24.39% of the dogs in the control group, and 60.27% of the dogs in the cystitis group. The cystitis group was associated with a higher risk of bacterial isolates than the control group (odds ratio = 7.5; 95% confidence interval = 2.81\u201322.40). The main isolates were Staphylococcus spp., Escherichia coli, Proteus spp., and Enterobacter spp. in both groups. A high percentage of isolates were resistant to ampicillin in both groups. The lowest resistance presented by the isolates in both groups was to meropenem. Only the resistance to quinolones was different between the groups. The proportions of MDR isolates were 70% (7\/10) and 65.91% (29\/44) in the control and cystitis groups, respectively. The results showed the presence of MDR bacteria in the urine of both the healthy dogs, and the dogs with cystitis. The drug resistance was high, reinforcing the importance of establishing an effective treatment approach against urinary tract infections in pets, to minimize the spread of bacterial resistance and its impact on public health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9121087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,5]],"date-time":"2019-12-05T11:16:31Z","timestamp":1575544591000},"page":"1087","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The Occurrence of Multidrug Resistant Bacteria in the Urine of Healthy Dogs and Dogs with Cystitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Andreia R.","family":"Yamanaka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cuiab\u00e1, Cuiab\u00e1, MT 78065-700, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7524-2173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra T.","family":"Hayakawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiab\u00e1, MT 78060-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00cdcaro S. M.","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiab\u00e1, MT 78060-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Val\u00e9ria","family":"Dutra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiab\u00e1, MT 78060-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valeria R. F.","family":"Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiab\u00e1, MT 78060-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 N.","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiab\u00e1, MT 78060-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L\u00e1zaro M.","family":"Camargo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cuiab\u00e1, Cuiab\u00e1, MT 78065-700, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1244-0690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luciano","family":"Nakazato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiab\u00e1, MT 78060-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Rodriguez, O.C. (2012). Canine and Feline Clinical Nephrology and Urology Manual, MedVet."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Nelson, R.W., and Couto, C.G. (2015). Clinical Manifestations of Urinary Tract Diseases. Internal Medicine of Small Animals, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2019.02.008","article-title":"International Society for Companion Animal Infectious Diseases (ISCAID) guidelines for the diagnosis and management of bacterial urinary tract infections in dogs and cats","volume":"247","author":"Weese","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-014-0217-4","article-title":"Characterisation of bacterial growth and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in canine urinary tract infections","volume":"10","author":"Windahl","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.46958\/rcv.2016.XXI.n.120.p.44-50","article-title":"Microbiological analysis of urinary tract infections in dogs treated at a veterinary hospital - experience of nine years (2006\u20132014)","volume":"120","author":"Baltazar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Clin."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx401","article-title":"Increase in antimicrobial resistance and emergence of major international high-risk clonal lineages in dogs and cats with urinary tract infection: 16 year retrospective study","volume":"73","author":"Marques","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15048","article-title":"Effects of diagnostic work-Up on medical decision-making for canine urinary tract infection: An observational study in danish small animal practices","volume":"32","author":"Sorensen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.12140","article-title":"Prevalence of bacteriuria in dogs without clinical signs of urinary tract infection presenting for elective surgical procedures","volume":"92","author":"Mcghie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Quinn, P.J., Carter, M.E., and Markey, B. (1994). Clinical Veterinary Microbiology, Wolfe."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/45.4_ts.493","article-title":"Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method","volume":"45","author":"Bauer","year":"1966","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (2013). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk and Dilution Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria Isolated from Animals, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. [4th ed.]. CLSI document VET01-A4."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: An international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance","volume":"18","author":"Magiorakos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwi017","article-title":"Appropriate assessment of neighborhood effects on individual health: Interpreting random effects in multilevel logistic regression","volume":"161","author":"Larsen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"R Core Team (2017). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Available online: https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Interagency Coordination Group on Antimicrobial Resistance (2019). Report to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, IACG. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/antimicrobial-resistance\/interagency-coordination-group\/final-report\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-10-174","article-title":"Integrated next-generation sequencing of 16S rDNA and metaproteomics differentiate the healthy urine microbiome from asymptomatic bacteriuria in neuropathic bladder associated with spinal cord injury","volume":"10","author":"Fouts","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"1","article-title":"The female urinary microbiome: A comparison of women with and without urgency urinary incontinence","volume":"4","author":"Pearce","year":"2014","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.05.032","article-title":"The new world of the urinary microbiota in women","volume":"213","author":"Brubaker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2014.361","article-title":"The microbiome of the urinary tract - a role beyond infection","volume":"12","author":"Whiteside","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Urol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0177783","article-title":"Characterization of the urinary microbiome in healthy dogs","volume":"12","author":"Burton","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.23006","article-title":"The urinary microbiome and its contribution to lower urinary tract symptoms","volume":"36","author":"Drake","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.3934\/microbiol.2017.2.143","article-title":"Microbiome in the urinary system\u2014A review","volume":"3","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"AIMS Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.13571","article-title":"Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns in Urinary Tract Infections in Dogs (2010\u20132013)","volume":"29","author":"Wong","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000475","article-title":"Mechanisms of quinolone action and resistance: Where do we stand?","volume":"66","author":"Correia","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weese, J.S., Blondeau, J.M., Broothe, D., Breitschwerdt, E.B., Guardabassi, L., Hillier, A., Lloyd, D.H., Papich, M.G., Rankin, S.C., and Turnidge, J.D. (2011). Antimicrobial use guidelines for treatment of urinary tract disease in dogs and cats: Antimicrobial guidelines working group of the international society for companion animal infectious. Vet. Med. Int., 1\u20137.","DOI":"10.4061\/2011\/263768"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"29","article-title":"Bacterial agents isolated from dogs and cats with urinary tract infection: Antimicrobial susceptibility profile","volume":"2","author":"Ferreira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Health Acts\u2013ASA"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"43","article-title":"Human microbiomes and antibiotic resistance Human","volume":"10","author":"Baron","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2014.12.004","article-title":"Effect of antibiotic treatment in canine and feline urinary tract infections: A systematic review","volume":"203","author":"Jessen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dky043","article-title":"Applying definitions for multidrug resistance, extensive drug resistance and pandrug resistance to clinically significant livestock and companion animal bacterial pathogens","volume":"73","author":"Sweeney","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/9\/12\/1087\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:40:39Z","timestamp":1760190039000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/9\/12\/1087"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,5]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ani9121087"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani9121087","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,5]]}}}