{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T02:14:20Z","timestamp":1792548860875,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":150,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]],"date-time":"2023-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the European Union-NextGenerationEU","award":["BG-RRP-2.004-0008-C01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BG-RRP-2.004-0008-C01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibodies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Intravenous administration of immunoglobulins has been routinely used for more than 60 years in clinical practice, developed initially as replacement therapy in immunodeficiency disorders. Today, the use of intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIGs) is embedded in the modern algorithms for the management of a few diseases, while in most cases, their application is off-label and thus different from their registered therapeutic indications according to the summary of product characteristics. In this review, we present the state-of-the-art use of IVIGs in various autoimmune conditions and immune-mediated disorders associated with reproductive failure, as approved therapy, based on indications or off-label. IVIGs are often an alternative to other treatments, and the administration of IVIGs continues to expand as data accumulate. Additionally, new insights into the pathophysiology of immune-mediated disorders have been gained. Therefore, the need for immunomodulation has increased, where IVIG therapy represents an option for stimulating, inhibiting and regulating various immune processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antib12010020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]],"date-time":"2023-03-02T03:29:00Z","timestamp":1677727740000},"page":"20","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Intravenous Immunoglobulins as Immunomodulators in Autoimmune Diseases and Reproductive Medicine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0593-1272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tsvetelina","family":"Velikova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Faculty, Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski, 1 Kozyak Str., 1407 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8374-7756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Metodija","family":"Sekulovski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Faculty, Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski, 1 Kozyak Str., 1407 Sofia, Bulgaria"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University Hospital Lozenetz, 1 Kozyak Str., 1407 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2601-2021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona","family":"Bogdanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty, Medical University of Varna, 9000 Varna, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgi","family":"Vasilev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Neurology, UMHAT \u201cSv. Georgi\u201d, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8468-0132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Peshevska-Sekulovska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Faculty, Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski, 1 Kozyak Str., 1407 Sofia, Bulgaria"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Lozenetz, 1 Kozyak Str., 1407 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5931-2426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitrina","family":"Miteva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski, 8 Dragan Tzankov Str., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1652-4648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tsvetoslav","family":"Georgiev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty, Medical University of Varna, 9000 Varna, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"S67","article-title":"Considerations for the optimal use of immunoglobulin","volume":"18","author":"Navarro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. 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