{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T19:26:20Z","timestamp":1790191580487,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,6]],"date-time":"2023-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701820800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union-NextGenerationEU","award":["BG-RRP-2.004-0008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BG-RRP-2.004-0008"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibodies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune condition that is initiated in genetically susceptible individuals by the exposure of the intestines to gluten, and the early start of symptoms is related to malabsorption. Atypical variants of the illness are often identified in adulthood and are frequently associated with manifestations outside of the intestines, including metabolic osteopathy, anemia, and dermatitis herpetiformis. But also, empirical data suggest a correlation between CD and reproductive abnormalities, including repeated abortions. Infertility and repeated miscarriages frequently manifest in women diagnosed with CD and may serve as the initial clinical indication of a subclinical form. Furthermore, the condition may manifest as amenorrhea, infertility, and the delivery of infants with a low birth weight. Regarding the mechanisms of CD in infertility, along with the anti-tTG action to hinder the invasiveness of trophoblast, these antibodies could damage endometrial angiogenesis, which has been shown in in vitro models with human endometrial cells and in vivo in murine models. Another important aspect is the role of nutrient deficiencies, such as zinc deficiency (connected to impaired hormone production, secondary amenorrhea, and pre-eclampsia) and folic acid, etc. Therefore, our objective was to conduct a comprehensive review of the existing literature pertaining to this specific topic and to elucidate the role of the autoantibodies in its pathogenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antib12040079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,6]],"date-time":"2023-12-06T06:01:07Z","timestamp":1701842467000},"page":"79","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Navigating the Challenges of Gluten Enteropathy and Infertility: The Role of Celiac-Related Antibodies and Dietary Changes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Monika","family":"Peshevska-Sekulovska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Faculty, Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski, Kozyak 1 Str., 1407 Sofia, Bulgaria"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Lozenetz, 1407 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milena","family":"Gulinac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General and Clinical Pathology, Medical University of Plovdiv, 15A Vasil Aprilov Bul. 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3572-2927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Radoslav","family":"Rangelov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Center Neovitro OOD, 20 Petko Yu. Todorov Bul., 1408 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Desislava","family":"Docheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Center Neovitro OOD, 20 Petko Yu. Todorov Bul., 1408 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0593-1272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tsvetelina","family":"Velikova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Faculty, Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski, Kozyak 1 Str., 1407 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Metodija","family":"Sekulovski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Faculty, Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski, Kozyak 1 Str., 1407 Sofia, Bulgaria"},{"name":"Medical Center Neovitro OOD, 20 Petko Yu. Todorov Bul., 1408 Sofia, Bulgaria"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University Hospital Lozenetz, 1 Kozyak Str., 1407 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2419","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1113994","article-title":"Clinical practice. Celiac disease","volume":"367","author":"Fasano","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giec.2012.07.008","article-title":"Presentation of celiac disease","volume":"22","author":"Reilly","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc. Clin. N. 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