{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T10:06:57Z","timestamp":1772791617553,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]],"date-time":"2024-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibodies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Primary antiphospholipid syndrome (PAPS) is a systemic autoimmune disorder, characterised by consistently high levels of antiphospholipid antibodies, thrombosis, and\/or pregnancy morbidity. Due to various suspected causes, deficient or insufficient levels of vitamin D in the serum have been reported in patients with PAPS; however, the reports have been sporadic and inconclusive. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to comprehensively evaluate the serum vitamin D levels in patients with PAPS compared to controls. A protocol was registered in PROSPERO (Registration No. CRD42019132128) and a systematic literature search was conducted through Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and ScienceDirect databases without restricting language and year. Pooled prevalence, mean difference (MD), and odds ratio (OR) along with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were determined by using a random effects model. Study quality was assessed by the Joana Brigg\u2019s Institute (JBI) protocol and publication bias was evaluated by a trim and fill funnel plot, Begg\u2019s, and Egger\u2019s tests. The pooled prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency was found to be 32.2% [95% CI: 16.3\u201348.2] and 61.5% [95% CI: 40.2\u201382.8], respectively. Serum levels of vitamin D were considerably lower in the PAPS patients compared to controls (MD: \u22125.75, 95% CI: \u22129.73 to \u22121.77; p = 0.005). Multiple sensitivity analyses showed that the results remained statistically significant, demonstrating the robustness of this meta-analysis. No significant publication bias was detected in determining the MD of serum vitamin D levels in PAPS and controls. In conclusion, PAPS patients had greater rates of vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency, higher frequency of thrombosis, and lower serum vitamin D levels than healthy individuals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antib13010022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]],"date-time":"2024-03-13T03:46:31Z","timestamp":1710301591000},"page":"22","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Vitamin D Status in Patients with Primary Antiphospholipid Syndrome (PAPS): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5937-6473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md Asiful","family":"Islam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Global Women\u2019s Health, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8271-5234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saleh","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shabiha","family":"Sultana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sayeda Sadia","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tareq","family":"Hossan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6753-3811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wesam","family":"Gouda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Al-Azhar University Hospital, Assiut 71524, Egypt"},{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Al-Sabah Hospital, Kuwait City P.O. Box 4078, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Faisal","family":"Alsaqabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Al-Sabah Hospital, Kuwait City P.O. Box 4078, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0493-1390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosline","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Haematology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8376-6527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Przemys\u0142aw J.","family":"Kotyla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-635 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2023-224609","article-title":"2023 ACR\/EULAR antiphospholipid syndrome classification criteria","volume":"82","author":"Barbhaiya","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. 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