{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T01:38:20Z","timestamp":1789609100815,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]],"date-time":"2024-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012023","name":"Sanquin","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PPOC22-14\/L2714"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PPOC22-14\/L2714"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012023","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibodies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) is a rare but severe complication following COVID-19 vaccination, marked by thrombocytopenia and thrombosis. Analogous to heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), VITT shares similarities in anti-platelet factor 4 (PF4) IgG-mediated platelet activation via the Fc\u03b3RIIa. To investigate the involvement of platelet-antibodies in VITT, we analyzed the presence of platelet-antibodies directed against glycoproteins (GP)IIb\/IIIa, GPV and GPIb\/IX in the serum of 232 clinically suspected VITT patients determined based on (suspicion of) occurrence of thrombocytopenia and\/or thrombosis in relation to COVID-19 vaccination. We found that 19% of clinically suspected VITT patients tested positive for anti-platelet GPs: 39%, 32% and 86% patients tested positive for GPIIb\/IIIa, GPV and GPIb\/IX, respectively. No HIT-like VITT patients (with thrombocytopenia and thrombosis) tested positive for platelet-antibodies. Therefore, it seems unlikely that platelet-antibodies play a role in HIT-like anti-PF4-mediated VITT. Platelet-antibodies were predominantly associated with the occurrence of thrombocytopenia. We found no association between the type of vaccination (adenoviral vector vaccine versus mRNA vaccine) or different vaccines (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, Ad26.COV2.S, mRNA-1273, BTN162b2) and the development of platelet-antibodies. It is essential to conduct more research on the pathophysiology of VITT, to improve diagnostic approaches and identify preventive and therapeutic strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antib13020035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]],"date-time":"2024-05-01T03:30:49Z","timestamp":1714534249000},"page":"35","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Antibodies against Platelet Glycoproteins in Clinically Suspected VITT Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Romy T.","family":"Meier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9441-0446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leendert","family":"Porcelijn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanquin Diagnostic Services, Department of Immunohematology Diagnostics, Sanquin, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzanne","family":"Hofstede-van Egmond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanquin Diagnostic Services, Department of Immunohematology Diagnostics, Sanquin, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camila","family":"Caram-Deelder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan M.","family":"Coutinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Amsterdam UMC, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yvonne M. C.","family":"Henskens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0265-4871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marieke J. H. A.","family":"Kruip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Haematology, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"An K.","family":"Stroobants","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Chemistry, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1228-7769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaap J.","family":"Zwaginga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8065-3540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C. Ellen","family":"van der Schoot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masja","family":"de Haas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanquin Diagnostic Services, Department of Immunohematology Diagnostics, Sanquin, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1608-876X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rick","family":"Kapur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2092","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2104840","article-title":"Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia after ChAdOx1 nCov-19 Vaccination","volume":"384","author":"Greinacher","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. 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