{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:13:45Z","timestamp":1760145225389,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]],"date-time":"2024-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Association Francaise contre les Myopathies (France)","award":["20836","72348"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20836","72348"]}]},{"name":"Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America, United States","award":["20836","72348"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20836","72348"]}]},{"name":"Conquer Myasthenia Gravis","award":["20836","72348"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20836","72348"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibodies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Serological testing for anti-acetylcholine receptor (AChR) autoantibodies is not only crucial for the diagnosing, disease monitoring, and treatment management of patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) but also for preclinical studies utilizing MG disease models. However, there are no specific guidelines on which methods to use in clinical diagnostic or research laboratories to detect or quantify any MG-specific autoantibodies. Conventional autoantibody assays, particularly those for anti-AChR antibodies, are varied and mostly laboratory-specific. Here, we report our new nonradioactive immunoprecipitation\u2013immunoblotting method for assessing autoantibodies (anti-AChR antibodies) in a mouse model of MG. This simple, efficient, reproducible, and cost-effective assay appears superior to the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay but comparable to the radioimmunoprecipitation or cell-based assay in specificity and sensitivity. Thus, the newly developed assay can serve as a valuable alternative to classical assays and is suitable for routine testing of AChR-specific autoantibodies in preclinical studies. The further optimization of our assay may facilitate its application in the diagnosis and therapeutic management of patients with MG.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antib13030053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]],"date-time":"2024-07-02T05:08:34Z","timestamp":1719896914000},"page":"53","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Bead-Based Nonradioactive Immunoassay for Autoantibody Testing in a Mouse Model of Myasthenia Gravis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Afrin","family":"Bahauddin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyra","family":"Curtis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jutatip","family":"Guptarak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1274-8836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruksana","family":"Huda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0079-y","article-title":"Myasthenia Gravis","volume":"5","author":"Gilhus","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koneczny, I., and Herbst, R. (2019). Myasthenia Gravis: Pathogenic Effects of Autoantibodies on Neuromuscular Architecture. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8070671"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1987.tb51321.x","article-title":"Clinical Correlations of Antibodies that Bind, Block, or Modulate Human Acetylcholine Receptors in Myasthenia Gravis","volume":"505","author":"Howard","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756286419832242","DOI":"10.1177\/1756286419832242","article-title":"Understanding the Burden of Refractory Myasthenia Gravis","volume":"12","author":"Hagenacker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Neurol. Disord."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1006\/clim.1999.4807","article-title":"Animal Models of Myasthenia Gravis","volume":"94","author":"Christadoss","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2186","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.9b00041","article-title":"Autoimmune Attack of the Neuromuscular Junction in Myasthenia Gravis: Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors and Other Targets","volume":"10","author":"Paz","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michail, M., Zouvelou, V., Belimezi, M., Haroniti, A., Zouridakis, M., and Zisimopoulou, P. (2022). Analysis of nAChR Autoantibodies Against Extracellular Epitopes in MG Patients. Front. Neurol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.858998"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-19-363","article-title":"Serological Diagnosis of Myasthenia Gravis and Its Clinical Significance","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3537","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14721","article-title":"Myasthenia Gravis Associated with Anti-MuSK Antibodies Developed after SARS-CoV-2 Infection","volume":"28","author":"Assini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1093\/labmed\/lmy038","article-title":"A Simple, Rapid and Non-Radiolabeled Immune Assay to Detect Anti-AChR Antibodies in Myasthenia Gravis","volume":"50","author":"Bokoliya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"15","article-title":"Experimental Autoimmune Myasthenia Gravis in the Mouse","volume":"100","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2022.102983","article-title":"B Cell-Specific mAb-siRNA Conjugates Improve Experimental Myasthenia","volume":"135","author":"Ibtehaj","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2022-329284","article-title":"Clinical Value of Cell-Based Assays in the Characterisation of Seronegative Myasthenia Gravis","volume":"93","author":"Damato","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"100846","article-title":"A Multicentre, Prospective, Double-Blind Study Comparing the Accuracy of Autoantibody Diagnostic Assays in Myasthenia Gravis: The SCREAM Study","volume":"38","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health West. Pac."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gambino, C.M., Agnello, L., Ciaccio, A.M., Scazzone, C., Vidali, M., Di Stefano, V., Milano, S., Brighina, F., Candore, G., and Lo Sasso, B. (2023). Detection of Antibodies against the Acetylcholine Receptor in Patients with Myasthenia Gravis: A Comparison of Two Enzyme Immunoassays and a Fixed Cell-Based Assay. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12144781"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(03)74533-0","article-title":"Alpha-bungarotoxin binding to acetylcholine receptor membranes studied by low angle X-ray diffraction","volume":"85","author":"Young","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2017.01.005","article-title":"High-dose BAFF receptor specific mAb-siRNA conjugate generates Fas-expressing B cells in lymph nodes and high-affinity serum autoantibody in a myasthenia mouse model","volume":"176","author":"Ibtehaj","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."}],"container-title":["Antibodies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4468\/13\/3\/53\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:08:50Z","timestamp":1760108930000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4468\/13\/3\/53"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["antib13030053"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antib13030053","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4468"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2073-4468"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]]}}}