{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T14:56:52Z","timestamp":1790693812524,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,17]],"date-time":"2024-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibodies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to identify the 25 most prevalent adverse events (AEs) associated with FDA-approved immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs)\u2014specifically, PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA-4, and LAG-3 inhibitors\u2014using data from the FDA Adverse Events Reporting System (FAERS), a publicly available repository of reported drug adverse events, and AERSMine, an open-access pharmacovigilance tool, to investigate these adverse events. For PD-1 inhibitors, the most common AEs were diarrhea, fatigue, and pyrexia, with notable instances of neutropenia and hypothyroidism, particularly with toripalimab and dostarlimab. PD-L1 inhibitors also frequently caused pyrexia, diarrhea, and fatigue, with interstitial lung disease and hypothyroidism showing a class effect, and drug-specific AEs such as hepatotoxicity and chills. CTLA-4 inhibitors predominantly resulted in diarrhea and colitis, with ipilimumab frequently causing pyrexia and rash, while tremelimumab exhibited unique AEs such as biliary tract infection. The LAG-3 inhibitor relatlimab reported fewer AEs, including pyrexia and pneumonia. Rare but significant AEs across all inhibitors included myocarditis and myasthenia gravis. This study provides a detailed overview of the 25 most common AEs associated with ICIs, offering valuable insights for clinical decision-making and AE management. Further research is necessary to elucidate the mechanisms underlying these AEs and to develop targeted interventions to enhance the safety and efficacy of ICI therapy in patients with cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antib13030059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,17]],"date-time":"2024-07-17T15:15:19Z","timestamp":1721229319000},"page":"59","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Adverse Events of PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA-4, and LAG-3 Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: An Analysis of the FDA Adverse Events Database"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4080-3030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Connor","family":"Frey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 317-2194 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahyar","family":"Etminan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2550 Willow Street, Vancouver, BC V5Z 3N9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2023.03.006","article-title":"Immune checkpoint therapy\u2014Current perspectives and future directions","volume":"186","author":"Sharma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdx755","article-title":"Comprehensive analysis of the clinical immuno-oncology landscape","volume":"29","author":"Tang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. 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