{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T01:40:19Z","timestamp":1791250819434,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":171,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]],"date-time":"2024-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"INTA","award":["PD-116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD-116"]}]},{"name":"INTA","award":["PD-114"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD-114"]}]},{"name":"INTA","award":["PICT 2020-1609"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PICT 2020-1609"]}]},{"name":"ANPCyT","award":["PD-116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD-116"]}]},{"name":"ANPCyT","award":["PD-114"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD-114"]}]},{"name":"ANPCyT","award":["PICT 2020-1609"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PICT 2020-1609"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibodies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The development of vaccines and effective diagnostic methods for bovine tuberculosis requires an understanding of the immune response against its causative agent, Mycobacterium bovis. Although this disease is primarily investigated and diagnosed through the assessment of cell-mediated immunity, the role of B cells and antibodies in bovine tuberculosis has been relatively undervalued and understudied. Current evidence indicates that circulating M. bovis-specific antibodies are not effective in controlling the disease. However, local humoral immune responses may contribute to either defence or pathology. Recent studies in animal models and cattle vaccine trials suggest a potential beneficial role of B cells in tuberculosis control. This review discusses the role of B cells and antibodies in bovine tuberculosis and explores antibody-based diagnostics for the disease, including traditional techniques, such as different ELISA, new platforms based on multiple antigens and point-of-care technologies. The high specificity and sensitivity values achieved by numerous antibody-based tests support their use as complementary tests for the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis, especially for identifying infected animals that may be missed by the official tests.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antib13040084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]],"date-time":"2024-10-09T07:39:52Z","timestamp":1728459592000},"page":"84","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["B Cell and Antibody Responses in Bovine Tuberculosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Laura In\u00e9s","family":"Klepp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Agrobiotecnolog\u00eda y Biolog\u00eda Molecular (IABIMO) INTA-CONICET, N. Repetto and De los Reseros, Hurlingham 1686, Buenos Aires, Argentina"},{"name":"Instituto de Biotecnolog\u00eda, CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnolog\u00eda Agropecuaria, N. Repetto and De los Reseros, Hurlingham 1686, Buenos Aires, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7820-2169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federico Carlos","family":"Blanco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Agrobiotecnolog\u00eda y Biolog\u00eda Molecular (IABIMO) INTA-CONICET, N. Repetto and De los Reseros, Hurlingham 1686, Buenos Aires, Argentina"},{"name":"Instituto de Biotecnolog\u00eda, CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnolog\u00eda Agropecuaria, N. Repetto and De los Reseros, Hurlingham 1686, Buenos Aires, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8711-1413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Mercedes","family":"Bigi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INBIOMED, Instituto de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas, (Universidad de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas), UBA-CONICET, Paraguay 2155, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4831-9654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina Lourdes","family":"V\u00e1zquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Agrobiotecnolog\u00eda y Biolog\u00eda Molecular (IABIMO) INTA-CONICET, N. Repetto and De los Reseros, Hurlingham 1686, Buenos Aires, Argentina"},{"name":"Instituto de Biotecnolog\u00eda, CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnolog\u00eda Agropecuaria, N. Repetto and De los Reseros, Hurlingham 1686, Buenos Aires, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9158-0078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth Andrea","family":"Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Agrobiotecnolog\u00eda y Biolog\u00eda Molecular (IABIMO) INTA-CONICET, N. Repetto and De los Reseros, Hurlingham 1686, Buenos Aires, Argentina"},{"name":"Instituto de Biotecnolog\u00eda, CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnolog\u00eda Agropecuaria, N. Repetto and De los Reseros, Hurlingham 1686, Buenos Aires, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7822-2565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Sabio y Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Agrobiotecnolog\u00eda y Biolog\u00eda Molecular (IABIMO) INTA-CONICET, N. Repetto and De los Reseros, Hurlingham 1686, Buenos Aires, Argentina"},{"name":"Instituto de Biotecnolog\u00eda, CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnolog\u00eda Agropecuaria, N. Repetto and De los Reseros, Hurlingham 1686, Buenos Aires, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8637-7180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabiana","family":"Bigi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Agrobiotecnolog\u00eda y Biolog\u00eda Molecular (IABIMO) INTA-CONICET, N. Repetto and De los Reseros, Hurlingham 1686, Buenos Aires, Argentina"},{"name":"Instituto de Biotecnolog\u00eda, CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnolog\u00eda Agropecuaria, N. Repetto and De los Reseros, Hurlingham 1686, Buenos Aires, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.18.0641","article-title":"Mycobacterium bovis in humans and M. tuberculosis in animals in Nigeria: An overview from 1975\u20132014","volume":"23","author":"Cadmus","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maqsood, R., Duffy, S.C., Bin Rashid, H., Gill, S.S., Jabeen, C., Arshad, N., Umbreen, G., Behr, M.A., Kapur, V., and Chaudhry, M. (2024). Molecular detection and characterization of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex subspecies responsible for bovine tuberculosis in Punjab, Pakistan. Microbiol. Spectr., 12.","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02692-23"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12596","article-title":"Tuberculosis Caused by Mycobacterium orygis in Dairy Cattle and Captured Monkeys in Bangladesh: A New Scenario of Tuberculosis in South Asia","volume":"64","author":"Rahim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blanco, F., Garcia, J.S.Y., and Bigi, F. (2021). Recent advances in non-specific immune memory against bovine tuberculosis. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 75.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2021.101615"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guerra-Maupome, M., Vang, D.X., and McGill, J.L. (2019). Aerosol vaccination with Bacille Calmette-Guerin induces a trained innate immune phenotype in calves. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0212751"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1093\/jleuko\/qiad103","article-title":"BCG vaccination induces innate immune memory in \u03b3\u03b4 T cells in humans","volume":"115","author":"Suen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.22586","article-title":"The role of dendritic cells in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection","volume":"3","author":"Mihret","year":"2012","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barnes, P.F., and Vankayalapati, R. (2004). Th1 and Th2 Cytokines in the Human Immune Response to Tuberculosis. Tuberculosis and the Tubercle Bacillus, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1128\/9781555817657.ch31"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.1998.tb01207.x","article-title":"Th2 biased immune response in cases with active Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and tuberculin anergy","volume":"22","author":"Szereday","year":"1998","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, K., Kleynhans, L., Warren, R.M., Goosen, W.J., and Miller, M.A. (2021). Cell-Mediated Immunological Biomarkers and Their Diagnostic Application in Livestock and Wildlife Infected with Mycobacterium bovis. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.639605"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2004.02003.x","article-title":"Influence of pathological progression on the balance between cellular and humoral immune responses in bovine tuberculosis","volume":"114","author":"Welsh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maggioli, M.F., Palmer, M.V., Thacker, T.C., Vordermeier, H.M., McGill, J.L., Whelan, A.O., Larsen, M.H., Jacobs, W.R., and Waters, W.R. (2016). Increased TNF-\u03b1\/IFN-\u03b3\/IL-2 and Decreased TNF-\u03b1\/IFN-\u03b3 Production by Central Memory T Cells Are Associated with Protective Responses against Bovine Tuberculosis Following BCG Vaccination. Front. Immunol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00421"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhuju, S., Aranday-Cortes, E., Villarreal-Ramos, B., Xing, Z., Singh, M., and Vordermeier, H.M. (2012). Global Gene Transcriptome Analysis in Vaccinated Cattle Revealed a Dominant Role of IL-22 for Protection against Bovine Tuberculosis. PLoS Pathog., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003077"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2013.02.004","article-title":"Mycobacterium bovis \u0394mce2 double deletion mutant protects cattle against challenge with virulent M. bovis","volume":"93","author":"Blanco","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tuberculosis"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rizzi, C., Bianco, M.V., Blanco, F.C., Soria, M., Gravisaco, M.J., Montenegro, V., Vagnoni, L., Buddle, B., Garbaccio, S., and Delgado, F. (2012). Vaccination with a BCG Strain Overexpressing Ag85B Protects Cattle against Mycobacterium bovis Challenge. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0051396"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tanner, R., Villarreal-Ramos, B., Vordermeier, H.M., and McShane, H. (2019). The Humoral Immune Response to BCG Vaccination. Front. Immunol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01317"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stewart, P., Patel, S., Comer, A., Muneer, S., Nawaz, U., Quann, V., Bansal, M., and Venketaraman, V. (2023). Role of B Cells in Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection. Vaccines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11050955"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2020.110016","article-title":"Memory B cells and tuberculosis","volume":"221","author":"Lyashchenko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.27.5.821-825.1989","article-title":"Levels of antibody to defined antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in tuberculous meningitis","volume":"27","author":"Chandramuki","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12276","article-title":"B cells and antibodies in the defense against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection","volume":"264","author":"Achkar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2005.06.021","article-title":"The Value of Serum Antilipoarabinomannan Antibody Detection in the Diagnosis of Latent Tuberculosis in Hemodialysis Patients","volume":"46","author":"Eleftheriadis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.161.5.9908125","article-title":"Diagnosis of Tuberculosis by a Visually Detectable Immunoassay for Lipoarabinomannan","volume":"161","author":"Chan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(92)90192-F","article-title":"Does antibody to mycobacterial antigens, including lipoarabinomannan, limit dissemination in childhood tuberculosis?","volume":"86","author":"Moreno","year":"1992","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.03050-14","article-title":"Evaluation of Antigen-Specific Immunoglobulin G Responses in Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients and Contacts","volume":"53","author":"Hur","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perley, C.C., Frahm, M., Click, E.M., Dobos, K.M., Ferrari, G., Stout, J.E., and Frothingham, R. (2014). The Human Antibody Response to the Surface of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0098938"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis421","article-title":"Proteome-Scale Antibody Responses and Outcome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection in Nonhuman Primates and in Tuberculosis Patients","volume":"206","author":"Davidow","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.08.072","article-title":"A Functional Role for Antibodies in Tuberculosis","volume":"167","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910260208","article-title":"Establishment and characterization of a human acute monocytic leukemia cell line (THP-1)","volume":"26","author":"Tsuchiya","year":"1980","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5023","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1611776114","article-title":"Latently and uninfected healthcare workers exposed to TB make protective antibodies against Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"114","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6711","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.10.6711-6720.2005","article-title":"Enhancement of Innate and Cell-Mediated Immunity by Antimycobacterial Antibodies","volume":"73","author":"Abate","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2016.08.001","article-title":"Antibodies and tuberculosis","volume":"101","author":"Jacobs","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tuberculosis"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rijnink, W.F., Ottenhoff, T.H., and Joosten, S.A. (2021). B-Cells and Antibodies as Contributors to Effector Immune Responses in Tuberculosis. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.640168"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Bharrhan, S., Xu, J., Sharma, T., Wang, Y., Salgame, P., Zhang, J., Nargan, K., Steyn, A.J.C., and Maglione, P.J. (2023). B cells promote granulomatous inflammation during chronic Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in mice. PLoS Pathog., 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011187"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Linge, I., Tsareva, A., Kondratieva, E., Dyatlov, A., Hidalgo, J., Zvartsev, R., and Apt, A. (2022). Pleiotropic Effect of IL-6 Produced by B-Lymphocytes During Early Phases of Adaptive Immune Responses against TB Infection. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.750068"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1722","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.3.1722-1728.2001","article-title":"Temporal and Spatial Arrangement of Lymphocytes with in Lung Granulomas Induced by Aerosol Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"69","author":"Turner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krause, R., Ogongo, P., Tezera, L., Ahmed, M., Mbano, I., Chambers, M., Ngoepe, A., Magnoumba, M., Muema, D., and Karim, F. (2024). B cell heterogeneity in human tuberculosis highlights compartment-specific phenotype and functional roles. Commun. Biol., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-024-06282-7"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1628","article-title":"Human tuberculous granulomas induce peripheral lymphoid follicle-like structures to orchestrate local host defence in the lung","volume":"204","author":"Ulrichs","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joosten, S.A., van Meijgaarden, K.E., del Nonno, F., Baiocchini, A., Petrone, L., Vanini, V., Smits, H.H., Palmieri, F., Goletti, D., and Ottenhoff, T.H.M. (2016). Patients with Tuberculosis Have a Dysfunctional Circulating B-Cell Compartment, Which Normalizes following Successful Treatment. PLoS Pathog., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005687"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1016\/0264-410X(94)00055-R","article-title":"Immunological responses and protection against Mycobacterium bovis in calves vaccinated with a low dose of BCG","volume":"13","author":"Buddle","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5809","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.10.5809-5815.2000","article-title":"Vaccination of Cattle with Mycobacterium bovis Culture Filtrate Proteins and Interleukin-2 for Protection against Bovine Tuberculosis","volume":"68","author":"Wedlock","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/S1472-9792(03)00055-6","article-title":"Vaccination with DNA vaccines encoding MPB70 or MPB83 or a MPB70 DNA prime-protein boost does not protect cattle against bovine tuberculosis","volume":"83","author":"Wedlock","year":"2003","journal-title":"Tuberculosis"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2005.01.002","article-title":"Vaccination of cattle with Mycobacterium bovis culture filtrate proteins and CpG oligodeoxynucleotides induces protection against bovine tuberculosis","volume":"106","author":"Wedlock","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(03)00046-4","article-title":"Improved immunogenicity of DNA vaccination with mycobacterial HSP65 against bovine tuberculosis by protein boosting","volume":"93","author":"Vordermeier","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2462","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.5.2462-2467.2004","article-title":"Association of Tuberculin-Boosted Antibody Responses with Pathology and Cell-Mediated Immunity in Cattle Vaccinated with Mycobacterium bovis BCG and Infected with M. bovis","volume":"72","author":"Lyashchenko","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.10.068","article-title":"Immunological responses and protective immunity in BCG vaccinated badgers following endobronchial infection with Mycobacterium bovis","volume":"27","author":"Lesellier","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.11.005","article-title":"Evidence for enhanced central memory priming by live Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccine in comparison with killed BCG formulations","volume":"26","author":"Whelan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parlane, N.A., Shu, D., Subharat, S., Wedlock, D.N., Rehm, B.H.A., de Lisle, G.W., and Buddle, B.M. (2014). Revaccination of Cattle with Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin Two Years after First Vaccination when Immunity Has Waned, Boosted Protection against Challenge with Mycobacterium bovis. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0106519"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2006.01.016","article-title":"Immunohistochemical markers augment evaluation of vaccine efficacy and disease severity in bacillus Calmette\u2013Guerin (BCG) vaccinated cattle challenged with Mycobacterium bovis","volume":"111","author":"Johnson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1053\/jcpa.2000.0427","article-title":"Lymphocyte Subtypes in Experimentally Induced Early-stage Bovine Tuberculous Lesions","volume":"124","author":"Cassidy","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-023-01476-3","article-title":"Antigen-specific B cells direct T follicular-like helper cells into lymphoid follicles to mediate Mycobacterium tuberculosis control","volume":"24","author":"Swanson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2019.103937","article-title":"The role of B cells in an early immune response to Mycobacterium bovis","volume":"140","author":"Krocova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1053\/rvsc.1999.0324","article-title":"Cell mediated and humoral immune responses of white-tailed deer experimentally infected with Mycobacterium bovis","volume":"68","author":"Palmer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hunter, L., Hingley-Wilson, S., Stewart, G.R., Sharpe, S.A., and Salguero, F.J. (2022). Dynamics of Macrophage, T and B Cell Infiltration with in Pulmonary Granulomas Induced by Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Two Non-Human Primate Models of Aerosol Infection. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.776913"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hunter, R.L. (2020). The Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis\u2013The Koch Phenomenon Reinstated. Pathogens, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9100813"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-3879(91)90047-V","article-title":"Koch\u2019s phenomenon: Can it be corrected?","volume":"72","author":"Stanford","year":"1991","journal-title":"Tubercle"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2014.04.002","article-title":"Current ante-mortem techniques for diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis","volume":"97","author":"Bezos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1054\/tube.2000.0258","article-title":"Immune responses in bovine tuberculosis","volume":"81","author":"Pollock","year":"2001","journal-title":"Tuberculosis"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5288(91)90143-C","article-title":"Reciprocal cellular and humoral immune responses in bovine tuberculosis","volume":"50","author":"Ritacco","year":"1991","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.1994.tb03370.x","article-title":"Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses of Cattle to Purified Mycobacterium bovis Antigens","volume":"39","author":"Fifis","year":"1994","journal-title":"Scand. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.28.5.913-921.1990","article-title":"Protein G-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for anti-MPB70 antibodies in bovine tuberculosis","volume":"28","author":"Harboe","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holder, T., Srinivasan, S., McGoldrick, A., Williams, G.A., Palmer, S., Clarke, J., O\u2019brien, A., Conlan, A.J.K., Juleff, N., and Vordermeier, H.M. (2024). Temporal dynamics of the early immune response following Mycobacterium bovis infection of cattle. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-52314-x"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0450.1987.tb00377.x","article-title":"Assessment of the Sensitivity and Specificity of Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for the Detection of Mycobacterial Antibodies in Bovine Tuberculosis","volume":"34","author":"Ritacco","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Ser. B"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0450.1990.tb01021.x","article-title":"Further Evaluation of an Indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for the Diagnosis of Bovine Tuberculosis","volume":"37","author":"Ritacco","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Ser. B"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1987.tb09676.x","article-title":"Assessment of an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of cattle infected with Mycobacterium bovis","volume":"64","author":"Auer","year":"1987","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1989.tb09706.x","article-title":"An ELISA for the detection of anergic tuberculous cattle","volume":"66","author":"Plackett","year":"1989","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1159\/000234154","article-title":"MPB59, a Widely Cross-Reacting Protein of Mycobacterium bovis BCG","volume":"81","author":"Wiker","year":"1986","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1135(92)90021-K","article-title":"Serological reactivity to Mycobacterium bovis protein antigens in cattle","volume":"30","author":"Fifis","year":"1992","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00119-15","article-title":"Effects of Serial Skin Testing with Purified Protein Derivative on the Level and Quality of Antibodies to Complex and Defined Antigens in Mycobacterium bovis-Infected Cattle","volume":"22","author":"Waters","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.1990.tb02919.x","article-title":"Carrier Effect of Concanavalin A-Reactive and -Non-Reactive Material in Tuberculin PPD","volume":"32","author":"Harboe","year":"1990","journal-title":"Scand. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.1989.tb01103.x","article-title":"Purification of a Major Mycobacterium bovis Antigen for the Diagnosis of Bovine Tuberculosis","volume":"29","author":"Fifis","year":"1989","journal-title":"Scand. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638715578879","article-title":"An evaluation of the use of immunoglobulin A antibody response against mycobacterial antigens for the diagnosis of Mycobacterium bovis infection in cattle","volume":"27","author":"Jeon","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2022.110419","article-title":"Potential for improved detection of bovine tuberculosis by targeting combined blood biomarkers in multi-test algorithms","volume":"248","author":"Sridhara","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00259-17","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00259-17","article-title":"Identification of Novel Antigens Recognized by Serum Antibodies in Bovine Tuberculosis","volume":"24","author":"Lyashchenko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00028-09","article-title":"Single-Antigen Serological Testing for Bovine Tuberculosis","volume":"16","author":"Green","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moens, C., Fil\u00e9e, P., Boes, A., Alie, C., Dufrasne, F., Andr\u00e9, E., March\u00e9, S., and Fretin, D. (2023). Identification of New Mycobacterium bovis antigens and development of a multiplexed serological bead-immunoassay for the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis in cattle. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0292590"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674368","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/674368","article-title":"An Evaluation of MAPIA in Michigan as an Ante-Mortem Supplemental Test for Use in Suspect Tuberculosis Cattle","volume":"2012","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Int."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(02)00044-5","article-title":"A fluorescence polarization assay for the detection of antibodies to Mycobacterium bovis in cattle sera","volume":"87","author":"Surujballi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3083.2001.00874.x","article-title":"Characterization of the Early Antibody Response in Bovine Tuberculosis: MPB83 is an Early Target with Diagnostic Potential","volume":"53","author":"Mcnair","year":"2001","journal-title":"Scand. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2011.02.015","article-title":"Use of recombinant proteins MPB70 or MPB83 as capture antigens in ELISAs to confirm bovine tuberculosis infections in Brazil","volume":"118","author":"Marassi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(02)00005-6","article-title":"Use of recombinant proteins in antibody tests for bovine tuberculosis","volume":"85","author":"Amadori","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.142.12.295","article-title":"Mycobacterial antigen-specific antibody responses in bovine tuberculosis: An ELISA with potential to confirm disease status","volume":"142","author":"Lightbody","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2017.05.012","article-title":"Antibody detection tests improve the sensitivity of tuberculosis diagnosis in cattle","volume":"112","author":"Casal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2006.07.007","article-title":"A novel fusion protein-based indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of bovine tuberculosis","volume":"87","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Tuberculosis"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/2193-1801-1-77","article-title":"Screening of recombinant proteins as antigens in indirect ELISA for diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis","volume":"1","author":"Souza","year":"2012","journal-title":"SpringerPlus"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1882","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.05343-11","article-title":"Development and Evaluation of an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Use in the Detection of Bovine Tuberculosis in Cattle","volume":"18","author":"Waters","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2023.04.004","article-title":"Field evaluation of two commercial serological assays for detecting bovine tuberculosis","volume":"159","author":"Moens","year":"2023","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carneiro, P.A.M., de Moura Sousa, E., Viana, R.B., Monteiro, B.M., do Socorro Lima Kzam, A., de Souza, D.C., Coelho, A.S., Filho, J.D.R., Jordao, R.S., and Tavares, M.R.M. (2021). Study on supplemental test to improve the detection of bovine tuberculosis in individual animals and herds. BMC Vet. Res., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-021-02839-4"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCallan, L., Brooks, C., Barry, C., Couzens, C., Young, F.J., McNair, J., and Byrne, A.W. (2021). Serological test performance for bovine tuberculosis in cattle from herds with evidence of on-going infection in Northern Ireland. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0245655"},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"253","article-title":"Multi-antigen print immunoassay for seroepidemiological surveillance of bovine tuberculosis on Indian cattle farms","volume":"48","author":"Veerasami","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Ital."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2006.10.018","article-title":"Fluorescence polarization assay for the detection of antibodies to Mycobacterium bovis in bovine sera","volume":"120","author":"Jolley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2022.110499","article-title":"Differential detection of IgM and IgG antibodies to chimeric antigens in bovine tuberculosis","volume":"253","author":"Sridhara","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zewude, A., Mohammed, T., Terfassa, L., Hunt, W.G., Pan, X., Balada-Llasat, J.M., Gebreyes, W., Torrelles, J.B., Wang, S.-H., and Ameni, G. (2019). Evaluation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis lipoarabinomannan antigen assay and rapid serology blood test for the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis in Ethiopia. BMC Vet. Res., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-019-2114-3"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2018.09.013","article-title":"Development and evaluation of two multi-antigen serological assays for the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis in cattle","volume":"153","author":"Fontana","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2020.112941","article-title":"Development of a lateral flow immunochromatography test for the rapid detection of bovine tuberculosis","volume":"491","author":"Alonso","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waters, W.R., Vordermeier, H.M., Rhodes, S., Khatri, B., Palmer, M.V., Maggioli, M.F., Thacker, T.C., Nelson, J.T., Thomsen, B.V., and Robbe-Austerman, S. (2017). Potential for rapid antibody detection to identify tuberculous cattle with non-reactive tuberculin skin test results. BMC Vet. Res., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-017-1085-5"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00489-09","article-title":"Performance of the Enferplex TB Assay with Cattle in Great Britain and Assessment of Its Suitability as a Test to Distinguish Infected and Vaccinated Animals","volume":"17","author":"Whelan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638711403410","article-title":"Use of a multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect a subpopulation of Mycobacterium bovis\u2013infected animals deemed negative or inconclusive by the single intradermal comparative tuberculin skin test","volume":"23","author":"Whelan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.l6904","article-title":"Identify missed TB cattle with Enferplex","volume":"185","author":"Watt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2014.02.036","article-title":"Strategic use of serology for the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis after intradermal skin testing","volume":"170","author":"Casal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4498","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.9.4498-4506.2005","article-title":"Use of rMPB70 Protein and ESAT-6 Peptide as Antigens for Comparison of the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent, Immunochromatographic, and Latex Bead Agglutination Assays for Serodiagnosis of Bovine Tuberculosis","volume":"43","author":"Koo","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2021.110320","article-title":"Novel polyprotein antigens designed for improved serodiagnosis of bovine tuberculosis","volume":"240","author":"Lyashchenko","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25041","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.581579","article-title":"The Three Mycobacterium tuberculosis Antigen 85 Isoforms Have Unique Substrates and Activities Determined by Non-active Site Regions","volume":"289","author":"Backus","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2017.08.040","article-title":"Antigen 85 complex as a powerful Mycobacterium tuberculosis immunogene: Biology, immune-pathogenicity, applications in diagnosis, and vaccine design","volume":"112","author":"Babaki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1128\/mr.56.4.648-661.1992","article-title":"The antigen 85 complex: A major secretion product of Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"56","author":"Wiker","year":"1992","journal-title":"Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Z., Hu, T., Xia, A., Li, X., Liu, Z., Min, J., He, J., Meng, C., Yin, Y., and Chen, X. (2017). Generation of Monoclonal Antibodies against Ag85A Antigen of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Application in a Competitive ELISA for Serodiagnosis of Bovine Tuberculosis. Front. Vet. Sci., 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2017.00107"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0450.2001.00437.x","article-title":"The Use of Ag85 Complex as Antigen in ELISA for the Diagnosis of Bovine Tuberculosis in Dairy Cows in Brazil","volume":"48","author":"Lilenbaum","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Ser. B"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4326","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01184-06","article-title":"Optimizing Antigen Cocktails for Detection of Mycobacterium bovis in Herds with Different Prevalences of Bovine Tuberculosis: ESAT6-CFP10 Mixture Shows Optimal Sensitivity and Specificity","volume":"44","author":"Aagaard","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1846","DOI":"10.1086\/315466","article-title":"CD4+ and CD8+T Cells Mediate Adoptive Immunity to Aerosol Infection of Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin","volume":"181","author":"Feng","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2587","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.65.7.2587-2592.1997","article-title":"Predominant recognition of the ESAT-6 protein in the first phase of interferon with Mycobacterium bovis in cattle","volume":"65","author":"Pollock","year":"1997","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14703","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1009080107","article-title":"Dynamic antibody responses to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis proteome","volume":"107","author":"Salamon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2015.07.005","article-title":"Development of an improved ESAT-6 and CFP-10 peptide-based cytokine flow cytometric assay for bovine tuberculosis","volume":"42","author":"Elnaggar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.8.3.571-578.2001","article-title":"Use of Synthetic Peptides Derived from the Antigens ESAT-6 and CFP-10 for Differential Diagnosis of Bovine Tuberculosis in Cattle","volume":"8","author":"Vordermeier","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00054-06","article-title":"Immune Responses to Defined Antigens of Mycobacterium bovis in Cattle Experimentally Infected with Mycobacterium kansasii","volume":"13","author":"Waters","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2009.02256.x","article-title":"MPB70 and MPB83\u2014Major Antigens of Mycobacterium bovis","volume":"69","author":"Wiker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Scand. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3932","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00150-08","article-title":"Screening of Highly Expressed Mycobacterial Genes Identifies Rv3615c as a Useful Differential Diagnostic Antigen for the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex","volume":"76","author":"Sidders","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.4.1445-1452.1998","article-title":"Immunochemical Characterization of the MPB70\/80 and MPB83 Proteins of Mycobacterium bovis","volume":"66","author":"Wiker","year":"1998","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/0923-2508(94)90041-8","article-title":"A western blot characterization of Mycobacterium bovis antigens recognized by cattle sera","volume":"145","author":"Cataldi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Res. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3599","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-143-11-3599","article-title":"A novel 27 kDa lipoprotein antigen from Mycobacterium bovis","volume":"143","author":"Bigi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3146","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.6.3146-3154.2003","article-title":"The Mycobacterium tuberculosis Recombinant 27-Kilodalton Lipoprotein Induces a Strong Th1-Type Immune Response Deleterious to Protection","volume":"71","author":"Hovav","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.13.52","article-title":"Progress in Targeting Cell Envelope Biogenesis in Mycobacterium Tuberculosis","volume":"8","author":"Jackson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Futur. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fty026","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/fty026","article-title":"Mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan in Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogenesis","volume":"76","author":"Turner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e289","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1058","article-title":"Improved Urine Lipoarabinomannan (LAM) Tests: The Answer for Child Tuberculosis Diagnosis?","volume":"72","author":"Marais","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koets, A.P., Esker, M.H.v.D., Riepema, K., and Bakker, D. (2019). The Role of Phosphatidylinositol Mannosides in the Serological Diagnosis of Mycobacterial Infections. Vet. Sci., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci6040091"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/S0923-2508(97)88347-7","article-title":"Glycolipid antigen for use in diagnostic assays for bovine tuberculosis","volume":"148","author":"Ostyn","year":"1997","journal-title":"Res. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2009.07.003","article-title":"Identification of proteins from tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD) by LC-MS\/MS","volume":"89","author":"Borsuk","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tuberculosis"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2023.110644","article-title":"Performance of two commercial serological assays for bovine tuberculosis using plasma samples","volume":"263","author":"Moens","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00238-08","article-title":"Multiplex Immunoassay for Serological Diagnosis of Mycobacterium bovis Infection in Cattle","volume":"15","author":"Whelan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(98)00217-X","article-title":"Evaluation of cellular and serological diagnostic tests for the detection of Mycobacterium bovis-infected goats","volume":"62","author":"Tellechea","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1135(92)90082-5","article-title":"ELISA tests for antibodies in experimental bovine tuberculosis","volume":"31","author":"Hanna","year":"1992","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.13.3.387-394.2006","article-title":"Effects of Different Tuberculin Skin-Testing Regimens on Gamma Interferon and Antibody Responses in Cattle Experimentally Infected with Mycobacterium bovis","volume":"13","author":"Palmer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00061-06","article-title":"Early Antibody Responses to Experimental Mycobacterium bovis Infection of Cattle","volume":"13","author":"Waters","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s13620-016-0069-2","article-title":"Assessment of an ELISA method to support surveillance of bovine tuberculosis in Albania","volume":"69","author":"Koni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ir. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2020.105426","article-title":"Development and diagnostic validation of an ELISA based on an antigenic mixture for the detection of bovine tuberculosis","volume":"256","author":"Griffa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2019.05.006","article-title":"Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay as complement of intradermal skin test for the detection of Mycobacterium bovis infection in cattle","volume":"117","author":"Garbaccio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tuberculosis"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00038-09","article-title":"Highly Accurate Antibody Assays for Early and Rapid Detection of Tuberculosis in African and Asian Elephants","volume":"16","author":"Greenwald","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2021.110303","article-title":"Use of blood matrices and alternative biological fluids for antibody detection in animal tuberculosis","volume":"239","author":"Lyashchenko","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29200","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-12549-x","article-title":"Improving the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis using gold nanoparticles conjugated with purified protein derivative: Special regard to staphylococcal protein A and streptococcal protein G","volume":"28","author":"Hasan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_138","first-page":"204","article-title":"A fluorescence polarization assay using recombinant protein ESAT-6 for the detection of antibodies against pathogenic Mycobacterium bovis in bovine","volume":"23","author":"Javed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Iran. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.146.13.368","article-title":"Application of an indirect ELISA to milk samples to identify cows with Mycoplasma bovis mastitis","volume":"146","author":"Byrne","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2008.01.005","article-title":"Evaluation of test-strategies for estimating probability of low prevalence of paratuberculosis in Danish dairy herds","volume":"85","author":"Sergeant","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1135(94)00120-L","article-title":"Evaluation of a potassium chloride extract of Brucella abortus in an ELISA for detecting Brucella antibodies in bulk tank milk samples from cows","volume":"45","author":"Thoen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870601800504","article-title":"Comparison of Milk and Serum Enzyme\u2013Linked Immunosorbent Assays for Diagnosis of Mycobacterium Avium Subspecies Paratuberculosis Infection in Dairy Cattle","volume":"18","author":"Lombard","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1177\/104063879500700411","article-title":"Evaluation of a Commercial Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for the Diagnosis of Paratuberculosis in Dairy Cattle","volume":"7","author":"Sweeney","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2009.12.002","article-title":"Evaluation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using milk samples as a potential screening test of bovine tuberculosis of dairy cows in Korea","volume":"88","author":"Jeon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1812","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00538-13","article-title":"Evaluation of a Commercial Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for the Diagnosis of Bovine Tuberculosis from Milk Samples from Dairy Cows","volume":"20","author":"Buddle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2022.105752","article-title":"Evaluation of an ELISA for the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis using milk samples from dairy cows in China","volume":"208","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019brien, A., Hayton, A., Cutler, K., Adler, A., Shaw, D.J., Clarke, J., Watt, N., and Harkiss, G.D. (2024). Diagnostic accuracy of the Enferplex Bovine TB antibody test using individual milk samples from cattle. PLoS ONE, 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0301609"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lawn, S.D. (2012). Point-of-care detection of lipoarabinomannan (LAM) in urine for diagnosis of HIV-associated tuberculosis: A state of the art review. BMC Infect. Dis., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-12-103"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kelley, H.V., Waibel, S.M., Sidiki, S., Tomatis-Souverbielle, C., Scordo, J.M., Hunt, W.G., Barr, N., Smith, R., Silwani, S.N., and Averill, J.J. (2020). Accuracy of Two Point-of-Care Tests for Rapid Diagnosis of Bovine Tuberculosis at Animal Level using Non-Invasive Specimens. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-62314-2"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1865-1682.2009.01076.x","article-title":"Review of the Diagnosis and Study of Tuberculosis in Non-Bovine Wildlife Species Using Immunological Methods","volume":"56","author":"Chambers","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-020-00881-y","article-title":"Diagnosis of tuberculosis in wildlife: A systematic review","volume":"52","author":"Thomas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00178-09","article-title":"Evaluation of the CervidTB STAT-PAK for the Detection of Mycobacterium bovis Infection in Wild Deer in Great Britain","volume":"16","author":"Paterson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2008.05.029","article-title":"Animal-side serologic assay for rapid detection of Mycobacterium bovis infection in multiple species of free-ranging wildlife","volume":"132","author":"Lyashchenko","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-45.1.153","article-title":"Evaluation of blood assays for detection of Mycobacterium bovis in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Michigan","volume":"45","author":"Schmitt","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00010-10","article-title":"Sensitivity, Specificity, and Confounding Factors of Novel Serological Tests Used for the Rapid Diagnosis of Bovine Tuberculosis in Farmed Red Deer (Cervus elaphus)","volume":"17","author":"Buddle","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.j270","article-title":"Improving the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis in farmed deer","volume":"180","author":"Buddle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aurtenetxe, O., Barral, M., Vicente, J., de la Fuente, J., Gort\u00e1zar, C., and A Juste, R. (2008). Development and validation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for antibodies against Mycobacterium bovisin european wild boar. BMC Vet. Res., 4.","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-4-43"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2016.12.016","article-title":"Evaluation of five serologic assays for bovine tuberculosis surveillance in domestic free-range pigs from southern Spain","volume":"137","author":"Luque","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2022.113234","article-title":"Development and evaluation of a multi-antigen serological assay for the intra-vitam diagnosis of Tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis in pigs","volume":"503","author":"Ippolito","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2019.07.018","article-title":"Serological reactivity to MPB83 and CFP10\/ESAT-6 antigens in three suid hosts of Mycobacterium bovis infection","volume":"235","author":"Miller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Infantes-Lorenzo, J.A., Whitehead, C.E., Moreno, I., Bezos, J., Roy, A., Dom\u00ednguez, L., Dom\u00ednguez, M., and Salguero, F.J. (2018). Development and Evaluation of a Serological Assay for the Diagnosis of Tuberculosis in Alpacas and Llamas. Front. Vet. Sci., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2018.00189"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van der Heijden, E.M., Cooper, D.V., Rutten, V.P., and Michel, A.L. (2020). Mycobacterium bovis prevalence affects the performance of a commercial serological assay for bovine tuberculosis in African buffaloes. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 70.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2019.101369"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5344","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.11.5344-5349.1998","article-title":"Diversity of Antigen Recognition by Serum Antibodies in Experimental Bovine Tuberculosis","volume":"66","author":"Lyashchenko","year":"1998","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chai, J., Wang, Q., Qin, B., Wang, S., Wang, Y., Shahid, M., Liu, K., Zhang, Y., and Qu, W. (2021). Association of NOS2A gene polymorphisms with susceptibility to bovine tuberculosis in Chinese Holstein cattle. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0253339"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, R., Gandham, S., Rana, A., Maity, H.K., Sarkar, U., and Dey, B. (2023). Divergent proinflammatory immune responses associated with the differential susceptibility of cattle breeds to tuberculosis. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1199092"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raphaka, K., Matika, O., S\u00e1nchez-Molano, E., Mrode, R., Coffey, M.P., Riggio, V., Glass, E.J., Woolliams, J.A., Bishop, S.C., and Banos, G. (2017). Genomic regions underlying susceptibility to bovine tuberculosis in Holstein-Friesian cattle. BMC Genet., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12863-017-0493-7"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2008.07.004","article-title":"Gene expression profiling and antigen mining of the tuberculin production strain Mycobacterium bovis AN5","volume":"133","author":"Pelayo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flores-Gonzalez, J., Ram\u00f3n-Luing, L.A., Romero-Tendilla, J., Urb\u00e1n-Solano, A., Cruz-Lagunas, A., and Chavez-Galan, L. (2023). Latent Tuberculosis Patients Have an Increased Frequency of IFN-\u03b3-Producing CD5+ B Cells, Which Respond Efficiently to Mycobacterial Proteins. Pathogens, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12060818"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(00)00282-0","article-title":"Evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis","volume":"78","author":"Silva","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wadhwa, A., Johonson, R.E., Eda, K., Waters, W.R., Palmer, M.V., Bannantine, J.P., and Eda, S. (2014). Evaluation of ethanol vortex ELISA for detection of bovine tuberculosis in cattle and deer. BMC Vet. Res., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-10-147"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.20-0422","article-title":"Comparing recombinant mpb70\/sahh and native 20-kda protein for detecting bovine tuberculosis using elisa","volume":"82","author":"Cho","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."}],"container-title":["Antibodies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4468\/13\/4\/84\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:09:49Z","timestamp":1760112589000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4468\/13\/4\/84"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]]},"references-count":171,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["antib13040084"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antib13040084","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4468"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4468","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]]}}}