{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T14:31:47Z","timestamp":1784817107334,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]],"date-time":"2024-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibodies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: In a previous study, we described elevated anti-Anisakis IgG levels in septic patients in relation to disease severity. In this study, our objective was to analyze the evolution of anti-Anisakis immunoglobulins in septic patients during hospital admission and their association with \u03b1\u03b2 and \u03b3\u03b4 T cell subsets. Methods: We recruited 80 subjects: 40 patients with sepsis and 40 controls. \u03b1\u03b2 and \u03b3\u03b4 T cells were analyzed using flow cytometry. Apoptosis was also assessed, and anti-Anisakis antibodies were measured by ELISA in the sera of patients with sepsis and controls. Results: In the second analysis (7\u201310 after sepsis evolution), an increase in all specific antibody isotypes was identified in individuals with septic shock, except IgE. The levels of anti-Anisakis IgG and IgA were higher in the subjects with sepsis in the first analysis and continued to increase in the second analysis compared with the healthy control subjects. There was an increase in anti-Anisakis IgG and IgA levels in surviving patients and an increase in IgA levels in non-surviving patients. A rise in specific IgG and IgE levels was noted in the second analysis of patients with sepsis with \u03b1\u03b2 CD3+ T cell deficiency. Patients without \u03b3\u03b4 T cell deficiency had increased anti-Anisakis IgA levels 7\u201310 days after admission. Conclusions: Our results suggest a previous infection by Anisakis that could be involved in the subsequent septic process and be related to patients who have negative cultures in which the pathogen causing sepsis has not been identified.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antib13040096","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]],"date-time":"2024-11-27T10:05:56Z","timestamp":1732701956000},"page":"96","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Increased Levels of Anti-Anisakis Antibodies During Hospital Admission in Septic Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3790-3054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Andreu-Ballester","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"FISABIO Foundation\u2013Public Health of Valencia, 46015 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Parasitic Immunobiology and Immunomodulation Research Group (INMUNOPAR), Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amparo","family":"Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Critical Care Department, Arnau de Vilanova University Hospital, 46015 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel Angel","family":"Arribas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Critical Care Department, Arnau de Vilanova University Hospital, 46015 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moises","family":"Rico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Critical Care Department, Arnau de Vilanova University Hospital, 46015 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Albert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Critical Care Department, Arnau de Vilanova University Hospital, 46015 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Garc\u00eda-Ballesteros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Arnau de Vilanova University Hospital, 46015 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0607-1630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorena","family":"Galindo-Regal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Arnau de Vilanova University Hospital, 46015 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosa","family":"Sorando-Serra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Department, Arnau de Vilanova University Hospital, 46015 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisca","family":"L\u00f3pez-Chuli\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FISABIO Foundation\u2013Public Health of Valencia, 46015 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Hematology Department, Arnau de Vilanova University Hospital, 46015 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Peydro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Critical Care Department, Arnau de Vilanova University Hospital, 46015 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Rodero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasitic Immunobiology and Immunomodulation Research Group (INMUNOPAR), Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Microbiology and Parasitology Department, Complutense University, 46015 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0306-8399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasitic Immunobiology and Immunomodulation Research Group (INMUNOPAR), Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Microbiology and Parasitology Department, Complutense University, 46015 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7948-9889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen","family":"Cu\u00e9llar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasitic Immunobiology and Immunomodulation Research Group (INMUNOPAR), Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Microbiology and Parasitology Department, Complutense University, 46015 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1097\/ACO.0000000000000958","article-title":"Epidemiology of sepsis and septic shock","volume":"34","author":"Chiu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. 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