{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T14:59:37Z","timestamp":1788965977884,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":133,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibodies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent avian influenza outbreaks have heightened global concern over viral threats with the potential to significantly impact human health. Influenza is particularly alarming due to its history of causing pandemics and zoonotic reservoirs. In response, significant progress has been made toward the development of universal influenza vaccines, largely driven by the discovery of broadly neutralising antibodies (bnAbs), which have the potential to neutralise a broad range of influenza viruses, extending beyond the traditional strain-specific response. This could lead to longer-lasting immunity, reducing the need for seasonal vaccinations, and improve preparedness for future pandemics. This review offers a comprehensive analysis of these antibodies, their application in clinical studies, and both their potential and possible shortcomings in managing future influenza outbreaks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antib14010004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T03:38:41Z","timestamp":1736221121000},"page":"4","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["How Broadly Neutralising Antibodies Are Redefining Immunity to Influenza"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Steventon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5827-1669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas","family":"Stolle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig Peter","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-018-0002-y","article-title":"Influenza","volume":"4","author":"Krammer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz638","article-title":"Outcomes of Immunocompromised Adults Hospitalized With Laboratory-confirmed Influenza in the United States, 2011\u20132015","volume":"70","author":"Collins","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"WHO (2024, August 28). Influenza Seasonal. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/influenza-seasonal#tab=tab_1."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Knobler, S.L., Mack, A., Mahmoud, A., and Lemon, S. (2005). The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready? Workshop Summary, National Academies Press (US)."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Cohen, J., Powderly, W.G., and Opal, S.M. (2017). 2\u2014Nature and Pathogenicity of Micro-organisms. Infectious Diseases, Elsevier. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ryu, W.-S. (2017). Chapter 15\u2014Influenza Viruses. Molecular Virology of Human Pathogenic Viruses, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-800838-6.00015-1"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"28","article-title":"Purple Death: The Great Flu of 1918","volume":"8","author":"Fujimura","year":"2003","journal-title":"Perspect. Health"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1038\/290713a0","article-title":"Antigenic structure of influenza virus haemagglutinin defined by hybridoma antibodies","volume":"290","author":"Gerhard","year":"1981","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2552","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.67.5.2552-2558.1993","article-title":"A common neutralizing epitope conserved between the hemagglutinins of influenza A virus H1 and H2 strains","volume":"67","author":"Okuno","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3253","DOI":"10.1002\/2211-5463.13323","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of the influenza fusion peptide: Insights from experimental and simulation studies","volume":"11","author":"Lousa","year":"2021","journal-title":"FEBS Open Bio"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.str.2022.04.003","article-title":"Structure of an influenza group 2-neutralizing antibody targeting the hemagglutinin stem supersite","volume":"30","author":"Cheung","year":"2022","journal-title":"Structure"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Throsby, M., van den Brink, E., Jongeneelen, M., Poon, L.L., Alard, P., Cornelissen, L., Bakker, A., Cox, F., van Deventer, E., and Guan, Y. (2008). Heterosubtypic neutralizing monoclonal antibodies cross-protective against H5N1 and H1N1 recovered from human IgM+ memory B cells. PLoS ONE, 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003942"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nath Neerukonda, S., Vassell, R., and Weiss, C.D. (2020). Neutralizing Antibodies Targeting the Conserved Stem Region of Influenza Hemagglutinin. Vaccines, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8030382"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2022.101207","article-title":"Broad neutralizing antibody-based strategies to tackle influenza","volume":"53","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI123366","article-title":"Subdominance and poor intrinsic immunogenicity limit humoral immunity targeting influenza HA stem","volume":"129","author":"Tan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02608-13","article-title":"Guiding the immune response against influenza virus hemagglutinin toward the conserved stalk domain by hyperglycosylation of the globular head domain","volume":"88","author":"Eggink","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiao, C., Wang, B., Chen, P., Jiang, Y., and Liu, J. (2023). Analysis of the conserved protective epitopes of hemagglutinin on influenza A viruses. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1086297"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1171491","article-title":"Antibody recognition of a highly conserved influenza virus epitope","volume":"324","author":"Ekiert","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1038\/nsmb.1566","article-title":"Structural and functional bases for broad-spectrum neutralization of avian and human influenza A viruses","volume":"16","author":"Sui","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2014.04.009","article-title":"Broadly neutralizing influenza hemagglutinin stem-specific antibody CR8020 targets residues that are prone to escape due to host selection pressure","volume":"15","author":"Tharakaraman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1205669","article-title":"A neutralizing antibody selected from plasma cells that binds to group 1 and group 2 influenza A hemagglutinins","volume":"333","author":"Corti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187ra172","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3006299","article-title":"Intranasal antibody gene transfer in mice and ferrets elicits broad protection against pandemic influenza","volume":"5","author":"Limberis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morgan, S.B., Holzer, B., Hemmink, J.D., Salguero, F.J., Schwartz, J.C., Agatic, G., Cameroni, E., Guarino, B., Porter, E., and Rijal, P. (2018). Therapeutic Administration of Broadly Neutralizing FI6 Antibody Reveals Lack of Interaction Between Human IgG1 and Pig Fc Receptors. Front. Immunol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00865"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1204839","article-title":"A highly conserved neutralizing epitope on group 2 influenza A viruses","volume":"333","author":"Ekiert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1319058110","article-title":"A common solution to group 2 influenza virus neutralization","volume":"111","author":"Friesen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04356-8","article-title":"Broadly neutralizing antibodies target a haemagglutinin anchor epitope","volume":"602","author":"Guthmiller","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCraw, D.M., Myers, M.L., Gulati, N.M., Prabhakaran, M., Brand, J., Andrews, S., Gallagher, J.R., Maldonado-Puga, S., Kim, A.J., and Torian, U. (2023). Designed nanoparticles elicit cross-reactive antibody responses to conserved influenza virus hemagglutinin stem epitopes. PLoS Pathog., 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011514"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2010.09.007","article-title":"A cross-reactive neutralizing monoclonal antibody protects mice from H5N1 and pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus infection","volume":"88","author":"Sakabe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.08.084","article-title":"Antibody 27F3 Broadly Targets Influenza A Group 1 and 2 Hemagglutinins through a Further Variation in V(H)1-69 Antibody Orientation on the HA Stem","volume":"20","author":"Lang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2019.02.004","article-title":"V(H)1-69 antiviral broadly neutralizing antibodies: Genetics, structures, and relevance to rational vaccine design","volume":"34","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e03617","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.03617-20","article-title":"Mutations in the Hemagglutinin Stalk Domain Do Not Permit Escape from a Protective, Stalk-Based Vaccine-Induced Immune Response in the Mouse Model","volume":"12","author":"Roubidoux","year":"2021","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2083428","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2022.2083428","article-title":"Universal antibody targeting the highly conserved fusion peptide provides cross-protection in mice","volume":"18","author":"Muralidharan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccin. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01603","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01603-17","article-title":"In Vitro Neutralization Is Not Predictive of Prophylactic Efficacy of Broadly Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies CR6261 and CR9114 against Lethal H2 Influenza Virus Challenge in Mice","volume":"91","author":"Sutton","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0937-x","article-title":"Pre-existing immunity to influenza virus hemagglutinin stalk might drive selection for antibody-escape mutant viruses in a human challenge model","volume":"26","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9047","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1118979109","article-title":"Pandemic H1N1 influenza vaccine induces a recall response in humans that favors broadly cross-reactive memory B cells","volume":"109","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kashyap, A.K., Steel, J., Rubrum, A., Estelles, A., Briante, R., Ilyushina, N.A., Xu, L., Swale, R.E., Faynboym, A.M., and Foreman, P.K. (2010). Protection from the 2009 H1N1 pandemic influenza by an antibody from combinatorial survivor-based libraries. PLoS Pathog, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000990"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2013.06.004","article-title":"An In Vivo Human-Plasmablast Enrichment Technique Allows Rapid Identification of Therapeutic Influenza A Antibodies","volume":"14","author":"Nakamura","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chai, N., Swem, L.R., Reichelt, M., Chen-Harris, H., Luis, E., Park, S., Fouts, A., Lupardus, P., Wu, T.D., and Li, O. (2016). Two Escape Mechanisms of Influenza A Virus to a Broadly Neutralizing Stalk-Binding Antibody. PLoS Pathog., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005702"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI41902","article-title":"Heterosubtypic neutralizing antibodies are produced by individuals immunized with a seasonal influenza vaccine","volume":"120","author":"Corti","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13577","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms13577","article-title":"Human antibody 3E1 targets the HA stem region of H1N1 and H5N6 influenza A viruses","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7708","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms8708","article-title":"A potent broad-spectrum protective human monoclonal antibody crosslinking two haemagglutinin monomers of influenza A virus","volume":"6","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.06.043","article-title":"Vaccine-Induced Antibodies that Neutralize Group 1 and Group 2 Influenza A Viruses","volume":"166","author":"Joyce","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beukenhorst, A.L., Frallicciardi, J., Koch, C.M., Klap, J.M., Phillips, A., Desai, M.M., Wichapong, K., Nicolaes, G.A.F., Koudstaal, W., and Alter, G. (2023). Corrigendum: The influenza hemagglutinin stem antibody CR9114: Evidence for a narrow evolutionary path towards universal protection. Front. Virol., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fviro.2023.1130102"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beukenhorst, A.L., Frallicciardi, J., Rice, K.L., Koldijk, M.H., Moreira de Mello, J.C., Klap, J.M., Hadjichrysanthou, C., Koch, C.M., da Costa, K.A.S., and Temperton, N. (2024). A pan-influenza monoclonal antibody neutralizes H5 strains and prophylactically protects through intranasal administration. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-53049-5"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01639-18","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01639-18","article-title":"Mutations in Influenza A Virus Neuraminidase and Hemagglutinin Confer Resistance against a Broadly Neutralizing Hemagglutinin Stem Antibody","volume":"93","author":"Prachanronarong","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00694-18","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00694-18","article-title":"Evaluation of MEDI8852, an Anti-Influenza A Monoclonal Antibody, in Treating Acute Uncomplicated Influenza","volume":"62","author":"Ali","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix292","article-title":"The Hemagglutinin A Stem Antibody MEDI8852 Prevents and Controls Disease and Limits Transmission of Pandemic Influenza Viruses","volume":"216","author":"Paules","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Mark Throsby, R.H., Friesen, E., Hendrikus, T., Kwaks, J., Antonia, M., and Jongeneelen, C. (2010). Human Binding Molecules Capable of Neutralizing Influenza Virus H3N2 and Uses Thereof. (US8470327B2)."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13580","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02289-14","article-title":"Characterization of a broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibody that targets the fusion domain of group 2 influenza A virus hemagglutinin","volume":"88","author":"Tan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-37162-z","article-title":"Commercial influenza vaccines vary in HA-complex structure and in induction of cross-reactive HA antibodies","volume":"14","author":"Myers","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07231","article-title":"Neutralizing antibodies derived from the B cells of 1918 influenza pandemic survivors","volume":"455","author":"Yu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoshida, R., Igarashi, M., Ozaki, H., Kishida, N., Tomabechi, D., Kida, H., Ito, K., and Takada, A. (2009). Cross-protective potential of a novel monoclonal antibody directed against antigenic site B of the hemagglutinin of influenza A viruses. PLoS Pathog., 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000350"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11414","article-title":"Cross-neutralization of influenza A viruses mediated by a single antibody loop","volume":"489","author":"Ekiert","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1222908","article-title":"Highly conserved protective epitopes on influenza B viruses","volume":"337","author":"Dreyfus","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14216","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1111497108","article-title":"Broadly neutralizing human antibody that recognizes the receptor-binding pocket of influenza virus hemagglutinin","volume":"108","author":"Whittle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3614","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4614","article-title":"Receptor mimicry by antibody F045\u2013092 facilitates universal binding to the H3 subtype of influenza virus","volume":"5","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10905","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00700-11","article-title":"A broadly neutralizing human monoclonal antibody that recognizes a conserved, novel epitope on the globular head of the influenza H1N1 virus hemagglutinin","volume":"85","author":"Krause","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5182","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-32926-5","article-title":"Identification of a cross-neutralizing antibody that targets the receptor binding site of H1N1 and H5N1 influenza viruses","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabg4535","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abg4535","article-title":"First exposure to the pandemic H1N1 virus induced broadly neutralizing antibodies targeting hemagglutinin head epitopes","volume":"13","author":"Guthmiller","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1715471115","article-title":"Conserved epitope on influenza-virus hemagglutinin head defined by a vaccine-induced antibody","volume":"115","author":"Raymond","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4505","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-48758-4","article-title":"Human neutralizing antibodies target a conserved lateral patch on H7N9 hemagglutinin head","volume":"15","author":"Jia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, Z., Paul, S.S., Mo, X., Yuan, Y.A., and Tan, Y.J. (2018). The Vestigial Esterase Domain of Haemagglutinin of H5N1 Avian Influenza A Virus: Antigenicity and Contribution to Viral Pathogenesis. Vaccines, 6.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201807.0004.v1"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2669","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04704-9","article-title":"A multifunctional human monoclonal neutralizing antibody that targets a unique conserved epitope on influenza HA","volume":"9","author":"Bangaru","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S21","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz010","article-title":"Antibody Determinants of Influenza Immunity","volume":"219","author":"Crowe","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, R., Sheng, Z., Sreenivasan, C.C., Wang, D., and Li, F. (2020). Influenza A Virus Antibodies with Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity Function. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12030276"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14234","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14234","article-title":"A broadly protective therapeutic antibody against influenza B virus with two mechanisms of action","volume":"8","author":"Chai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3508","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26779","article-title":"Neutralizing antibody PR8-23 targets the footprint of the sialoglycan receptor binding site of H1N1 hemagglutinin","volume":"93","author":"Yan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3498","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200939532","article-title":"Fine antigenic variation within H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin\u2019s antigenic sites defined by yeast cell surface display","volume":"39","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.67.2.933-942.1993","article-title":"Mutations in or near the fusion peptide of the influenza virus hemagglutinin affect an antigenic site in the globular region","volume":"67","author":"Yewdell","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.04.011","article-title":"A Site of Vulnerability on the Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Head Domain Trimer Interface","volume":"177","author":"Bangaru","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.03.048","article-title":"Antibodies to a Conserved Influenza Head Interface Epitope Protect by an IgG Subtype-Dependent Mechanism","volume":"177","author":"Watanabe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2019.04.003","article-title":"Influenza Antigen Engineering Focuses Immune Responses to a Subdominant but Broadly Protective Viral Epitope","volume":"25","author":"Bajic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7130","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00420-14","article-title":"Conserved neutralizing epitope at globular head of hemagglutinin in H3N2 influenza viruses","volume":"88","author":"Iba","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17040","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1212371109","article-title":"Heterosubtypic antibody recognition of the influenza virus hemagglutinin receptor binding site enhanced by avidity","volume":"109","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11931","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1609316113","article-title":"Epitope specificity plays a critical role in regulating antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity against influenza A virus","volume":"113","author":"He","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.12.009","article-title":"Memory B Cells that Cross-React with Group 1 and Group 2 Influenza A Viruses Are Abundant in Adult Human Repertoires","volume":"48","author":"McCarthy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6334","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.07158-11","article-title":"Human monoclonal antibodies to pandemic 1957 H2N2 and pandemic 1968 H3N2 influenza viruses","volume":"86","author":"Krause","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsibane, T., Ekiert, D.C., Krause, J.C., Martinez, O., Crowe, J.E., Wilson, I.A., and Basler, C.F. (2012). Influenza human monoclonal antibody 1F1 interacts with three major antigenic sites and residues mediating human receptor specificity in H1N1 viruses. PLoS Pathog., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003067"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.04.028","article-title":"Viral receptor-binding site antibodies with diverse germline origins","volume":"161","author":"Schmidt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2022.105462","article-title":"Evaluation of panel of neutralising murine monoclonal antibodies and a humanised bispecific antibody against influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infection in a mouse model","volume":"208","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Portnoff, A.D., Patel, N., Massare, M.J., Zhou, H., Tian, J.H., Zhou, B., Shinde, V., Glenn, G.M., and Smith, G. (2020). Influenza Hemagglutinin Nanoparticle Vaccine Elicits Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies against Structurally Distinct Domains of H3N2 HA. Vaccines, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8010099"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00547-18","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00547-18","article-title":"Structural Basis for the Broad, Antibody-Mediated Neutralization of H5N1 Influenza Virus","volume":"92","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16503","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA118.004604","article-title":"Complementary recognition of the receptor-binding site of highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza viruses by two human neutralizing antibodies","volume":"293","author":"Zuo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2014.03.005","article-title":"A novel neutralizing antibody against diverse clades of H5N1 influenza virus and its mutants capable of airborne transmission","volume":"106","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9346","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1502762112","article-title":"Vaccine-elicited antibody that neutralizes H5N1 influenza and variants binds the receptor site and polymorphic sites","volume":"112","author":"Winarski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12619","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01577-13","article-title":"A unique and conserved neutralization epitope in H5N1 influenza viruses identified by an antibody against the A\/Goose\/Guangdong\/1\/96 hemagglutinin","volume":"87","author":"Zhu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2017.06.012","article-title":"A cross-clade H5N1 influenza A virus neutralizing monoclonal antibody binds to a novel epitope within the vestigial esterase domain of hemagglutinin","volume":"144","author":"Paul","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2019.1708215","article-title":"Contribution of Fc-dependent cell-mediated activity of a vestigial esterase-targeting antibody against H5N6 virus infection","volume":"9","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3571","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01292-12","article-title":"Unraveling of a neutralization mechanism by two human antibodies against conserved epitopes in the globular head of H5 hemagglutinin","volume":"87","author":"Qian","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02065-16","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02065-16","article-title":"Divergent Requirement of Fc-Fc\u03b3 Receptor Interactions for In Vivo Protection against Influenza Viruses by Two Pan-H5 Hemagglutinin Antibodies","volume":"91","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2013.05.001","article-title":"Human 4F5 single-chain Fv antibody recognizing a conserved HA1 epitope has broad neutralizing potency against H5N1 influenza A viruses of different clades","volume":"99","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2035118","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2022.2035118","article-title":"The protective effect of a combination of human intracellular and extracellular antibodies against the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus","volume":"18","author":"Jin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccin. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, G.S., Leon, P.E., Albrecht, R.A., Margine, I., Hirsh, A., Bahl, J., and Krammer, F. (2016). Broadly-Reactive Neutralizing and Non-neutralizing Antibodies Directed against the H7 Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Reveal Divergent Mechanisms of Protection. PLoS Pathog., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005578"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.05.014","article-title":"Both Neutralizing and Non-Neutralizing Human H7N9 Influenza Vaccine-Induced Monoclonal Antibodies Confer Protection","volume":"19","author":"Leon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4734","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI136032","article-title":"Anti-influenza H7 human antibody targets antigenic site in hemagglutinin head domain interface","volume":"130","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turner, H.L., Pallesen, J., Lang, S., Bangaru, S., Urata, S., Li, S., Cottrell, C.A., Bowman, C.A., Crowe, J.E., and Wilson, I.A. (2019). Potent anti-influenza H7 human monoclonal antibody induces separation of hemagglutinin receptor-binding head domains. PLoS Biol., 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000139"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1038\/256495a0","article-title":"Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity","volume":"256","author":"Kohler","year":"1975","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2020.104763","article-title":"Clinical and virological responses to a broad-spectrum human monoclonal antibody in an influenza virus challenge study","volume":"184","author":"Sloan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01154-17","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01154-17","article-title":"Phase 2 Randomized Trial of the Safety and Efficacy of MHAA4549A, a Broadly Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibody, in a Human Influenza A Virus Challenge Model","volume":"61","author":"McBride","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vidarsson, G., Dekkers, G., and Rispens, T. (2014). IgG Subclasses and Allotypes: From Structure to Effector Functions. Front. Immunol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00520"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2016.03.002","article-title":"Immunoglobulin isotype knowledge and application to Fc engineering","volume":"40","author":"Brezski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yi, K.S., Choi, J.-A., Kim, P., Ryu, D.-K., Yang, E., Son, D., Shin, J., Park, H., Lee, S., and Lee, H. (2020). Broader neutralization of CT-P27 against influenza A subtypes by combining two human monoclonal antibodies. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0236172"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.05.073","article-title":"Structure and Function Analysis of an Antibody Recognizing All Influenza A Subtypes","volume":"166","author":"Kallewaard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10890","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1502374112","article-title":"A broadly neutralizing human monoclonal antibody is effective against H7N9","volume":"112","author":"Tharakaraman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3443","article-title":"Broadly neutralizing hemagglutinin stalk-specific antibodies require FcgammaR interactions for protection against influenza virus in vivo","volume":"20","author":"DiLillo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2217590120","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2217590120","article-title":"Subclass-switched anti-spike IgG3 oligoclonal cocktails strongly enhance Fc-mediated opsonization","volume":"120","author":"Izadi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2216521120","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2216521120","article-title":"IgG3 subclass antibodies recognize antigenically drifted influenza viruses and SARS-CoV-2 variants through efficient bivalent binding","volume":"120","author":"Bolton","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2648","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-04-020057","article-title":"Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody with enhanced affinity for CD16 activates NK cells at lower concentrations and more effectively than rituximab","volume":"108","author":"Bowles","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-11-0850","article-title":"Results of a Phase 1 Study of AME-133v (LY2469298), an Fc-Engineered Humanized Monoclonal Anti-CD20 Antibody, in Fc\u03b3RIIIa-Genotyped Patients with Previously Treated Follicular Lymphoma","volume":"18","author":"Pohlman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Der Horst, H.J., Nijhof, I.S., Mutis, T., and Chamuleau, M.E.D. (2020). Fc-Engineered Antibodies with Enhanced Fc-Effector Function for the Treatment of B-Cell Malignancies. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12103041"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1850","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-022-00870-5","article-title":"An Fc variant with two mutations confers prolonged serum half-life and enhanced effector functions on IgG antibodies","volume":"54","author":"Ko","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Amp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3863","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-07-6297","article-title":"Engineered antibodies of IgG1\/IgG3 mixed isotype with enhanced cytotoxic activities","volume":"68","author":"Natsume","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1882028","DOI":"10.1080\/19420862.2021.1882028","article-title":"Coming together at the hinges: Therapeutic prospects of IgG3","volume":"13","author":"Chu","year":"2021","journal-title":"mAbs"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.12.051","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of monoclonal antibody VIS410 in adults with uncomplicated influenza A infection: Results from a randomized, double-blind, phase-2, placebo-controlled study","volume":"40","author":"Hershberger","year":"2019","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00352-20","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00352-20","article-title":"A Phase 2 Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of MHAA4549A, a Monoclonal Antibody, plus Oseltamivir in Patients Hospitalized with Severe Influenza A Virus Infection","volume":"64","author":"Lim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4260","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1725","article-title":"Safety and Efficacy of CR6261 in an Influenza A H1N1 Healthy Human Challenge Model","volume":"73","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aac7263","article-title":"A stable trimeric influenza hemagglutinin stem as a broadly protective immunogen","volume":"349","author":"Impagliazzo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-018-0063-7","article-title":"Mini-hemagglutinin vaccination induces cross-reactive antibodies in pre-exposed NHP that protect mice against lethal influenza challenge","volume":"3","author":"Huizingh","year":"2018","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00024-X","article-title":"Reactogenicity, safety, and immunogenicity of chimeric haemagglutinin influenza split-virion vaccines, adjuvanted with AS01 or AS03 or non-adjuvanted: A phase 1-2 randomised controlled trial","volume":"22","author":"Folschweiller","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2023.06.019","article-title":"Post-fusion influenza vaccine adjuvanted with SA-2 confers heterologous protection via Th1-polarized, non-neutralizing antibody responses","volume":"41","author":"Nishiyama","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2023.03.023","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of Multimeric-001 (M-001) followed by seasonal quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in young adults\u2014A randomized clinical trial","volume":"41","author":"Atmar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corbett, K.S., Moin, S.M., Yassine, H.M., Cagigi, A., Kanekiyo, M., Boyoglu-Barnum, S., Myers, S.I., Tsybovsky, Y., Wheatley, A.K., and Schramm, C.A. (2019). Design of Nanoparticulate Group 2 Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Stem Antigens That Activate Unmutated Ancestor B Cell Receptors of Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Lineages. mBio.","DOI":"10.1101\/497123"},{"key":"ref_123","first-page":"316ra192","article-title":"Popova, Irvin Y. Ho, Noel T. Pauli, Carole J. Henry Dunand, William M Taylor, Samuel Lim, Min Huang, Xinyan Qu, Jane-Hwei Lee, Marlene Salgado-Ferrer, Florian Krammer, Peter Palese, Jens Wrammert, Rafi Ahmed, and Patrick C. Wilson. Immune history profoundly affects broadly protective B cell responses to influenza","volume":"7","author":"Sarah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4592","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1214913110","article-title":"Structure and accessibility of HA trimers on intact 2009 H1N1 pandemic influenza virus to stem region-specific neutralizing antibodies","volume":"110","author":"Harris","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bajic, G., Van Der Poel, C.E., Kuraoka, M., Schmidt, A.G., Carroll, M.C., Kelsoe, G., and Harrison, S.C. (2019). Autoreactivity profiles of influenza hemagglutinin broadly neutralizing antibodies. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-40175-8"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-8-16","article-title":"Extensive complement-dependent enhancement of HIV-1 by autologous non-neutralising antibodies at early stages of infection","volume":"8","author":"Willey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2262","article-title":"Severe pandemic 2009 H1N1 influenza disease due to pathogenic immune complexes","volume":"17","author":"Monsalvo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-00789-5","article-title":"Antibody-dependent enhancement and SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and therapies","volume":"5","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfz053","article-title":"In Vivo Assessment of Antibody-Dependent Enhancement of Influenza B Infection","volume":"169","author":"Rao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15194","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1821317116","article-title":"Antibody-dependent enhancement of influenza disease promoted by increase in hemagglutinin stem flexibility and virus fusion kinetics","volume":"116","author":"Winarski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5752","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19568-1","article-title":"Characterization of neutralizing antibody with prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 in rhesus monkeys","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.158.1.258","article-title":"Complement receptor mediates enhanced flavivirus replication in macrophages","volume":"158","author":"Cardosa","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1993.tb05955.x","article-title":"CR1 (CD35) and CR3 (CD11b\/CD18) mediate infection of human monocytes and monocytic cell lines with complement-opsonized HIV independently of CD4","volume":"92","author":"Thieblemont","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."}],"container-title":["Antibodies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4468\/14\/1\/4\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:24:01Z","timestamp":1759919041000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4468\/14\/1\/4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]]},"references-count":133,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["antib14010004"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antib14010004","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4468"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4468","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]]}}}