{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:06:19Z","timestamp":1780445179214,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]],"date-time":"2025-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738627200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibodies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a zoonotic virus that poses a significant threat to both livestock and human health and has caused outbreaks in endemic regions. In humans, most patients experience a febrile illness; however, in some patients, RVF disease may result in hemorrhagic fever, retinitis, or encephalitis. While several veterinary vaccines are being utilized in endemic countries, currently, there are no licensed RVF vaccines or therapeutics for human use. Neutralizing antibodies specifically targeting vulnerable pathogen epitopes are promising candidates for prophylactic and therapeutic interventions. In the case of RVFV, the surface glycoproteins Gc and Gn, which harbor neutralizing epitopes, represent the primary targets for vaccine and neutralizing antibody development. Methods: We report the implementation of advanced 10x Genomics technology, enabling high-throughput single-cell analysis for the identification of rare and potent antibodies against RVFV. Following the immunization of mice with live attenuated rMP-12-GFP virus and successive Gc\/Gn boosts, memory B cell populations (both general and antigen-specific) were sorted from splenocytes by flow cytometry. Deep sequencing of the antibody repertoire at a single-cell resolution, together with bioinformatic analyses, was applied for BCR pair selection based on their abundance and specificity. Results: Twenty-three recombinant monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were selected and expressed, and their antigen-binding capacities were characterized. About half of them demonstrated specific binding to their cognate antigen with relatively high binding affinities. Conclusions: These antibodies could be used for the future development of efficacious therapeutics, as well as for studying virus-neutralizing mechanisms. The current study, in which the single-cell sequencing approach was implemented for the development of antibodies targeting the RVFV surface proteins Gc and Gn, demonstrates the effective applicability of this technique for antibody discovery purposes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antib14010012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]],"date-time":"2025-02-04T07:41:44Z","timestamp":1738654904000},"page":"12","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Efficient Identification of Monoclonal Antibodies Against Rift Valley Fever Virus Using High-Throughput Single Lymphocyte Transcriptomics of Immunized Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3990-8695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronit","family":"Rosenfeld","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 74100, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1276-0464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ron","family":"Alcalay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 74100, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yfat","family":"Yahalom-Ronen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 74100, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon","family":"Melamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 74100, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0628-1443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Avital","family":"Sarusi-Portuguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Mantoux Bioinformatics Institute of the Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7632706, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5543-8358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tal","family":"Noy-Porat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 74100, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4590-6151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ofir","family":"Israeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 74100, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9602-2532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adi","family":"Beth-Din","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 74100, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2847-1149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronnie","family":"Blecher-Gonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Crown Genomics Institute of the Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7632706, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theodor","family":"Chitlaru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 74100, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3435-8599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erez","family":"Bar-Haim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 74100, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0246-4477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomer","family":"Israely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 74100, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anat","family":"Zvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 74100, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Efi","family":"Makdasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 74100, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1700340418","article-title":"Enzootic Hepatitis or Rift Valley Fever. An Un-described Virus Disease of Sheep, Cattle and Man from East Africa","volume":"34","author":"Daubney","year":"1931","journal-title":"J. Pathol. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed, A., Mahmoud, I., Eldigail, M., Elhassan, R.M., and Weaver, S.C. (2021). The Emergence of Rift Valley Fever in Gedaref State Urges the Need for a Cross-Border One Health Strategy and Enforcement of the International Health Regulations. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10070885"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.234.7.883","article-title":"Rift Valley fever virus","volume":"234","author":"Bird","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4507","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-40187-z","article-title":"A highly potent human neutralizing antibody prevents vertical transmission of Rift Valley fever virus in a rat model","volume":"14","author":"McMillen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.105.6.124","article-title":"An epizootic of Rift Valley fever in Egypt in 1977","volume":"105","author":"Meegan","year":"1979","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2009.10.008","article-title":"Present and future arboviral threats","volume":"85","author":"Weaver","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0806490106","article-title":"Prediction of a Rift Valley fever outbreak","volume":"106","author":"Anyamba","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(02)00295-9","article-title":"Rift Valley fever: An uninvited zoonosis in the Arabian peninsula","volume":"21","author":"Balkhy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mandell, R.B., and Flick, R. (2011). Rift Valley Fever Virus: A Real Bioterror Threat. J. Bioterror. Biodef., 2.","DOI":"10.4172\/2157-2526.1000108"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0444","article-title":"Climate Influence on Emerging Risk Areas for Rift Valley Fever Epidemics in Tanzania","volume":"97","author":"Mweya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2004.09.018","article-title":"Ocular complications of Rift Valley fever outbreak in Saudi Arabia","volume":"112","author":"Abboud","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LaBeaud, A.D., Pfeil, S., Muiruri, S., Dahir, S., Sutherland, L.J., Traylor, Z., Gildengorin, G., Muchiri, E.M., Morrill, J., and Peters, C.J. (2015). Factors associated with severe human Rift Valley fever in Sangailu, Garissa County, Kenya. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003548"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(80)90074-7","article-title":"Ocular disease resulting from infection with Rift Valley fever virus","volume":"74","author":"Siam","year":"1980","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e864","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(16)30176-0","article-title":"Association of Rift Valley fever virus infection with miscarriage in Sudanese women: A cross-sectional study","volume":"4","author":"Baudin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e006623","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2021-006623","article-title":"Scoping future outbreaks: A scoping review on the outbreak prediction of the WHO Blueprint list of priority diseases","volume":"6","author":"Jonkmans","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lapa, D., Pauciullo, S., Ricci, I., Garbuglia, A.R., Maggi, F., Scicluna, M.T., and Tofani, S. (2024). Rift Valley Fever Virus: An Overview of the Current Status of Diagnostics. Biomedicines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12030540"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"001893","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001893","article-title":"ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Phenuiviridae 2023","volume":"104","author":"Sasaya","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.3.1371-1377.2001","article-title":"Genetic evidence for an interferon-antagonistic function of rift valley fever virus nonstructural protein NSs","volume":"75","author":"Bouloy","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.3390\/v3050493","article-title":"The pathogenesis of Rift Valley fever","volume":"3","author":"Ikegami","year":"2011","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5650","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-41171-3","article-title":"Multifunctional human monoclonal antibody combination mediates protection against Rift Valley fever virus at low doses","volume":"14","author":"Chapman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spiegel, M., Plegge, T., and Pohlmann, S. (2016). The Role of Phlebovirus Glycoproteins in Viral Entry, Assembly and Release. Viruses, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/v8070202"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7346294","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7346294","article-title":"Safety and Efficacy Profile of Commercial Veterinary Vaccines against Rift Valley Fever: A Review Study","volume":"2016","author":"Alhaj","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-023-00763-2","article-title":"A Rift Valley fever mRNA vaccine elicits strong immune responses in mice and rhesus macaques","volume":"8","author":"Bian","year":"2023","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kitandwe, P.K., McKay, P.F., Kaleebu, P., and Shattock, R.J. (2022). An Overview of Rift Valley Fever Vaccine Development Strategies. Vaccines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10111794"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.12.003","article-title":"Vaccination of alpacas against Rift Valley fever virus: Safety, immunogenicity and pathogenicity of MP-12 vaccine","volume":"35","author":"Rissmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-66-10-2271","article-title":"Mutagen-directed attenuation of Rift Valley fever virus as a method for vaccine development","volume":"66","author":"Caplen","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2014.03.008","article-title":"One Health approach to Rift Valley fever vaccine development","volume":"106","author":"Kortekaas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-023-00769-w","article-title":"Advancements in Rift Valley fever vaccines: A historical overview and prospects for next generation candidates","volume":"8","author":"Alkan","year":"2023","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2933","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.80.6.2933-2940.2006","article-title":"Rescue of infectious rift valley fever virus entirely from cDNA, analysis of virus lacking the NSs gene, and expression of a foreign gene","volume":"80","author":"Ikegami","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/0264-410X(85)90061-1","article-title":"Rift Valley fever virus vaccine trial: Study of neutralizing antibody response in humans","volume":"3","author":"Niklasson","year":"1985","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres\/2010033","article-title":"Rift Valley fever virus (Bunyaviridae: Phlebovirus): An update on pathogenesis, molecular epidemiology, vectors, diagnostics and prevention","volume":"41","author":"Pepin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2020.101669","article-title":"Naturally Acquired Rift Valley Fever Virus Neutralizing Antibodies Predominantly Target the Gn Glycoprotein","volume":"23","author":"Wright","year":"2020","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26257","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.26257","article-title":"The potential of broadly neutralizing antibodies for HIV prevention","volume":"27","author":"Gelderblom","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Int. AIDS Soc."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2188","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2116620","article-title":"Intramuscular AZD7442 (Tixagevimab-Cilgavimab) for Prevention of COVID-19","volume":"386","author":"Levin","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4303","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18159-4","article-title":"A panel of human neutralizing mAbs targeting SARS-CoV-2 spike at multiple epitopes","volume":"11","author":"Makdasi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21239-8","article-title":"Post-exposure protection of SARS-CoV-2 lethal infected K18-hACE2 transgenic mice by neutralizing human monoclonal antibody","volume":"12","author":"Rosenfeld","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e81","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2108163","article-title":"REGEN-COV Antibody Combination and Outcomes in Outpatients with COVID-19","volume":"385","author":"Weinreich","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2110275","article-title":"Nirsevimab for Prevention of RSV in Healthy Late-Preterm and Term Infants","volume":"386","author":"Hammitt","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2025642118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2025642118","article-title":"Potent neutralization of Rift Valley fever virus by human monoclonal antibodies through fusion inhibition","volume":"118","author":"Chapman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-019-0411-z","article-title":"Neutralization mechanism of human monoclonal antibodies against Rift Valley fever virus","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.12.001","article-title":"A Protective Monoclonal Antibody Targets a Site of Vulnerability on the Surface of Rift Valley Fever Virus","volume":"25","author":"Allen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hao, M., Zhang, G., Zhang, S., Chen, Z., Chi, X., Dong, Y., Fan, P., Liu, Y., Chen, Y., and Song, X. (2020). Characterization of Two Neutralizing Antibodies against Rift Valley Fever Virus Gn Protein. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12030259"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hurtado, J., Flynn, C., Lee, J.H., Salcedo, E.C., Cottrell, C.A., Skog, P.D., Burton, D.R., Nemazee, D., Schief, W.R., and Landais, E. (2022). Efficient isolation of rare B cells using next-generation antigen barcoding. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.962945"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2021.10.008","article-title":"Single B cell technologies for monoclonal antibody discovery","volume":"42","author":"Pedrioli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldstein, L.D., Chen, Y.J., Wu, J., Chaudhuri, S., Hsiao, Y.C., Schneider, K., Hoi, K.H., Lin, Z., Guerrero, S., and Jaiswal, B.S. (2019). Massively parallel single-cell B-cell receptor sequencing enables rapid discovery of diverse antigen-reactive antibodies. Commun. Biol., 2.","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-019-0551-y"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14049","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14049","article-title":"Massively parallel digital transcriptional profiling of single cells","volume":"8","author":"Zheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3192","article-title":"Spatial reconstruction of single-cell gene expression data","volume":"33","author":"Satija","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Wickham, H. (2016). gplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis, Springer."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Pedersen, T.L. (2024, August 17). patchwork: The Composer of Plots. Available online: https:\/\/patchwork.data-imaginist.com."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-018-0276-y","article-title":"Reference-based analysis of lung single-cell sequencing reveals a transitional profibrotic macrophage","volume":"20","author":"Aran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3356","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btv359","article-title":"Change-O: A toolkit for analyzing large-scale B cell immunoglobulin repertoire sequencing data","volume":"31","author":"Gupta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoehn, K.B., Pybus, O.G., and Kleinstein, S.H. (2022). Phylogenetic analysis of migration, differentiation, and class switching in B cells. PLoS Comput. Biol., 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009885"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosenfeld, R., Alcalay, R., Zvi, A., Ben-David, A., Noy-Porat, T., Chitlaru, T., Epstein, E., Israeli, O., Lazar, S., and Caspi, N. (2022). Centaur antibodies: Engineered chimeric equine-human recombinant antibodies. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.942317"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e165299","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.165299","article-title":"Longitudinal single-cell analysis of SARS-CoV-2-reactive B cells uncovers persistence of early-formed, antigen-specific clones","volume":"8","author":"Scharf","year":"2023","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaap8029","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aap8029","article-title":"Clonal selection drives protective memory B cell responses in controlled human malaria infection","volume":"3","author":"Murugan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2283","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2016.226","article-title":"Human memory B cells","volume":"30","author":"Seifert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, T., Ding, Z., Lan, J., and Wong, G. (2023). Advances and perspectives in the development of vaccines against highly pathogenic bunyaviruses. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1174030"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12108","article-title":"Tempering the risk: Rift Valley fever and bioterrorism","volume":"18","author":"Dar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1007\/s40259-024-00667-0","article-title":"Monoclonal Antibody Generation Using Single B Cell Screening for Treating Infectious Diseases","volume":"38","author":"Schardt","year":"2024","journal-title":"BioDrugs"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaal2200","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aal2200","article-title":"Potent and broad HIV-neutralizing antibodies in memory B cells and plasma","volume":"2","author":"Williams","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1080\/19420862.2019.1654304","article-title":"Characterization of potent RSV neutralizing antibodies isolated from human memory B cells and identification of diverse RSV\/hMPV cross-neutralizing epitopes","volume":"11","author":"Xiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"MAbs"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-020-0594-x","article-title":"Integrated pipeline for the accelerated discovery of antiviral antibody therapeutics","volume":"4","author":"Gilchuk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.2492","article-title":"High-throughput sequencing of the paired human immunoglobulin heavy and light chain repertoire","volume":"31","author":"DeKosky","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1401405","article-title":"Identification of antigen-specific B cell receptor sequences using public repertoire analysis","volume":"194","author":"Truck","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, B., Kluwe, C.A., Lungu, O.I., DeKosky, B.J., Kerr, S.A., Johnson, E.L., Tanno, H., Lee, C.H., Jung, J., and Rezigh, A.B. (2015). Facile Discovery of a Diverse Panel of Anti-Ebola Virus Antibodies by Immune Repertoire Mining. Sci. Rep., 5.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep13926"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0998-x","article-title":"Rapid isolation and profiling of a diverse panel of human monoclonal antibodies targeting the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein","volume":"26","author":"Zost","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Med."}],"container-title":["Antibodies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4468\/14\/1\/12\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:26:42Z","timestamp":1760027202000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4468\/14\/1\/12"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["antib14010012"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antib14010012","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4468"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4468","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]]}}}