{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T23:46:05Z","timestamp":1792885565320,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":164,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]],"date-time":"2025-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739491200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibodies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Immunoglobulin Y (IgY) is the primary antibody found in the eggs of chicken (Gallus domesticus), allowing for large-scale antibody production with high titers, making them cost-effective antibody producers. IgY serves as a valuable alternative to mammalian antibodies typically used in immunodiagnostics and immunotherapy. Compared to mammalian antibodies, IgY offers several biochemical advantages, and its straightforward purification from egg yolk eliminates the need for invasive procedures like blood collection, reducing stress in animals. Due to the evolutionary differences between birds and mammals, chicken antibodies can bind to a broader range of epitopes on mammalian proteins than their mammalian counterparts. Studies have shown that chicken antibodies bind 3\u20135 times more effectively to rabbit IgG than swine antibodies, enhancing the signal in immunological assays. Additionally, IgY does not interact with rheumatoid factors or human anti-mouse IgG antibodies (HAMA), helping to minimize interference from these factors. IgY obtained from egg yolk of hens immunized against Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been used in patients suffering from cystic fibrosis and chronic pulmonary colonization with this bacterium. Furthermore, IgY has been used to counteract streptococcus mutans in the oral cavity and for the treatment of enteral infections in both humans and animals. However, the use of avian antibodies is limited to pulmonary, enteral, or topical application and should, due to immunogenicity, not be used for systemic administration. Thus, IgY expands the range of strategies available for combating pathogens in medicine, as a promising candidate both as an alternative to antibiotics and as a valuable tool in research and diagnostics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antib14010018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]],"date-time":"2025-02-14T03:20:52Z","timestamp":1739503252000},"page":"18","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Avian Antibodies as Potential Therapeutic Tools"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3178-4210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mats","family":"Eriksson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, Section of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden"},{"name":"NOVA Medical School, New University of Lisbon, 1099-085 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3161-0402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anders","family":"Larsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Clinical Chemistry, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01832882","article-title":"Ueber nat\u00fcrliche Immunit\u00e4t und ihre Verwerthung f\u00fcr die Immunisirungstherapie","volume":"31","author":"Klemperer","year":"1893","journal-title":"Arch. F\u00fcr Exp. Pathol. Und Pharmakol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.130.6.1337","article-title":"Phylogeny of immunoglobulin structure and function: III. Immunoglobulins of the chicken","volume":"130","author":"Leslie","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(95)80008-5","article-title":"IgY: Clues to the origins of modern antibodies","volume":"16","author":"Warr","year":"1995","journal-title":"Immunol. Today"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weston, K., Fulton, J.E., and Owen, J. (2024). Antigen specificity affects analysis of natural antibodies. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1448320"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2019.05.015","article-title":"Egg yolk antibodies (IgY) and their applications in human and veterinary health: A review","volume":"73","author":"Pereira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2015.02.012","article-title":"Improving adjuvant systems for polyclonal egg yolk antibody (IgY) production in laying hens in terms of productivity and animal welfare","volume":"165","author":"Marcq","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3791","DOI":"10.1590\/0001-3765201820180276","article-title":"Welfare indicators for laying Japanese quails caged at different densities","volume":"90","author":"Soares","year":"2018","journal-title":"An. Acad. Bras. Cienc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0731158","article-title":"Simple method to purify chicken immunoglobulin G","volume":"73","author":"Bhanushali","year":"1994","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15406","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)47740-X","article-title":"IgG receptors on the embryonic chick yolk sac","volume":"262","author":"Tressler","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"5","article-title":"Egg Yolk Antibodies, State of the Art and Future Prospects","volume":"13","author":"Schade","year":"1996","journal-title":"Altex"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3933","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.4c00268","article-title":"Comparative Analysis of Laboratory-Scale Immunoglobulin G Purification Methods from Human Serum","volume":"23","author":"Bourel","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60761-913-0_20","article-title":"Purification of antibodies using affinity chromatography","volume":"681","author":"Darcy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pep.2021.105976","article-title":"Immunoglobulin-binding protein-based affinity chromatography in bispecific antibody purification: Functions beyond product capture","volume":"188","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Protein Expr. Purif."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/86.4.630","article-title":"Improvement of adjuvant systems to obtain a cost-effective production of high levels of specific IgY","volume":"86","author":"Martinez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101874","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mex.2022.101874","article-title":"Optimized method for the extraction of contaminant-free IgY antibodies from egg yolk using PEG 6000","volume":"9","year":"2022","journal-title":"MethodsX"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"(2025, January 02). Monoclonal Antibody Therapeutic Market. Available online: https:\/\/www.marketsandmarkets.com\/Market-Reports\/monoclonal-antibody-mabs-therapeutics-market-115323820.html."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"75","article-title":"Avian egg yolk antibodies. The egg laying capacity of hens following immunisation with antigens of different kind and origin and the efficiency of egg yolk antibodies in comparison to mammalian antibodies","volume":"11","author":"Schade","year":"1994","journal-title":"Altex"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/S1095-6433(01)00508-6","article-title":"Generation and application of chicken egg-yolk antibodies","volume":"131","author":"Tini","year":"2002","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A Mol. Integr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2528","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.4.8.1970792","article-title":"Efficient production of chicken egg yolk antibodies against a conserved mammalian protein","volume":"4","author":"Gassmann","year":"1990","journal-title":"Faseb J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2023.03.011","article-title":"Evolutionary diversification of defensins and cathelicidins in birds and primates","volume":"157","author":"Guabiraba","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Larsson, A., Campbell, A., and Eriksson, M. (2022). Chicken antibodies are highly suitable for particle enhanced turbidimetric assays. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1016781"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, L., Samardzic, K., Wallach, M., Frumkin, L.R., and Mochly-Rosen, D. (2021). Immunoglobulin Y for Potential Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications in Infectious Diseases. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.696003"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2018.06.023","article-title":"Production and application of anti-nucleoprotein IgY antibodies for influenza A virus detection in swine","volume":"461","author":"Schaefer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.5662\/wjm.v11.i5.243","article-title":"IgY technology: Methods for developing and evaluating avian immunoglobulins for the in vitro detection of biomolecules","volume":"11","author":"Karachaliou","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. Methodol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2024.111152","article-title":"Chicken IgY based electrochemical immunosensor for the detection of bacterial pathogen E. coli in water","volume":"204","author":"Ganesan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/15321810701734644","article-title":"Comparison between chicken and rabbit antibody based particle enhanced cystatin C reagents for immunoturbidimetry","volume":"29","author":"Hansson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunoass. Immunochem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3109\/2000-1967-092","article-title":"Performance characteristics of a cystatin C immunoassay with avian antibodies","volume":"112","author":"Sunde","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ups. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/S0049-3848(99)00119-X","article-title":"Thrombocytopenia and platelet microvesicle formation caused by Legionella pneumophila infection","volume":"96","author":"Larsson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"1326","article-title":"Evaluation of Human Anti IgG Polyclonal Antibody Production Conjugated with Peroxidase in Egg Yolk","volume":"48","author":"Abdolmaleki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Iran. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.3233\/HAB-180336","article-title":"Production and characterization of anti-human IgG F(ab\u2019)2 antibody fragment","volume":"26","author":"Valedkarimi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Antibodies"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1163\/156856200743931","article-title":"A comparative study between the adsorption of IgY and IgG on latex particles","volume":"11","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"2531","article-title":"A novel isolation method for hen egg yolk antibody, \u201cIgY\u201d","volume":"54","author":"Hatta","year":"1990","journal-title":"Agric. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Janeway, C.T.P., Mark Walport, M., and Shlomchik, M.J. (2001). Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease, Garland Pub.. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(88)90420-6","article-title":"Chicken antibodies: A tool to avoid false positive results by rheumatoid factor in latex fixation tests","volume":"108","author":"Larsson","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1177\/026119290503300208","article-title":"Chicken egg yolk antibodies (IgY-technology): A review of progress in production and use in research and human and veterinary medicine","volume":"33","author":"Schade","year":"2005","journal-title":"Altern. Lab. Anim."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1093\/ilar.37.3.93","article-title":"Review of Polyclonal Antibody Production Procedures in Mammals and Poultry","volume":"37","author":"Hanly","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ilar. J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1021\/bi8019993","article-title":"The crystal structure of an avian IgY-Fc fragment reveals conservation with both mammalian IgG and IgE","volume":"48","author":"Taylor","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2738","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-4141(199809)28:09<2738::AID-IMMU2738>3.0.CO;2-I","article-title":"Evidence for an early appearance of modern post-switch isotypes in mammalian evolution; cloning of IgE, IgG and IgA from the marsupial Monodelphis domestica","volume":"28","author":"Aveskogh","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0721807","article-title":"Chicken antibodies: Taking advantage of evolution--a review","volume":"72","author":"Larsson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2144","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12325","article-title":"IgY: A key isotype in antibody evolution","volume":"92","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.3109\/10799893.2012.703207","article-title":"Progress on research of chicken IgY antibody-FcRY receptor combination and transfer","volume":"32","author":"Tian","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Recept. Signal Transduct. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0143122","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01431-22","article-title":"Antigenic Characterization of Human Monoclonal Antibodies for Therapeutic Use against H7N9 Avian Influenza Virus","volume":"97","author":"Chang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, J., Kim, M., Lee, J., Seo, Y., Ham, Y., Lee, J., Lee, J., Kim, J.K., and Kwon, M.H. (2019). Antigen-binding affinity and thermostability of chimeric mouse-chicken IgY and mouse-human IgG antibodies with identical variable domains. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-55805-4"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Minias, P., Peng, W.V., and Matson, K.D. (2023). Evolutionary trade-off between innate and acquired immune defences in birds. Front. Zool., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12983-023-00511-1"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2018.1514224","article-title":"IgY antibodies for the immunoprophylaxis and therapy of respiratory infections","volume":"15","author":"Abbas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Houen, G. (2015). The Structure of Natural and Recombinant Antibodies. Peptide Antibodies: Methods and Protocols, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-2999-3"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1988.tb02870.x","article-title":"Chicken immunoglobulin gamma-heavy chains: Limited VH gene repertoire, combinatorial diversification by D gene segments and evolution of the heavy chain locus","volume":"7","author":"Parvari","year":"1988","journal-title":"Embo J."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"313","article-title":"More than four years without any new pseudomonas infections at Uppsala Cystic fibrosis centre","volume":"17","author":"Kollberg","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulm"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biologicals.2012.05.003","article-title":"Avian IgY antibodies and their recombinant equivalents in research, diagnostics and therapy","volume":"40","author":"Spillner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biologicals"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20231501","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20231501","article-title":"B cell diversification in gut-associated lymphoid tissues: From birds to humans","volume":"220","author":"Weill","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2010.02.016","article-title":"Transcription factors PU.1 and IRF4 regulate activation induced cytidine deaminase in chicken B cells","volume":"47","author":"Luo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2015.12.003","article-title":"Progress in the use of swine in developmental immunology of B and T lymphocytes","volume":"58","author":"Sinkora","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-1680-7_13","article-title":"The evolution of adaptive immunity","volume":"738","author":"Danilova","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.2741\/877","article-title":"Molecular stability of the rabbit and chicken egg yolk immunoglobulins","volume":"13","author":"Gandhi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Biosci. (Elite Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-2285-8_18","article-title":"Humanization of Chicken-Derived Antibodies by Yeast Surface Display","volume":"2491","author":"Bogen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-020-0440-9","article-title":"Streamlined human antibody generation and optimization by exploiting designed immunoglobulin loci in a B cell line","volume":"18","author":"Seo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2005.06.018","article-title":"Antibodies, immunoglobulin genes and the bursa of Fabricius in chicken B cell development","volume":"30","author":"Ratcliffe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-4896-8_2","article-title":"Immunoglobulin gene conversion or hypermutation: That\u2019s the question","volume":"40","author":"Buerstedde","year":"2006","journal-title":"Subcell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.3109\/03009739909178961","article-title":"Chicken antibodies: A clinical chemistry perspective","volume":"104","author":"Carlander","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ups. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costello, R., Cantillo, J.F., and Kenter, A.L. (2019). Chicken MBD4 Regulates Immunoglobulin Diversification by Somatic Hypermutation. Front. Immunol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02540"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/5.8.919","article-title":"Differential regulation of V(D)J recombination during development of avian B and T cells","volume":"5","author":"Pickel","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seo, H., Hirota, K., and Ohta, K. (2024). Molecular mechanisms of avian immunoglobulin gene diversification and prospect for industrial applications. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1453833"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2000.imr017507.x","article-title":"The chicken B-cell receptor complex and its role in avian B-cell development","volume":"175","author":"Sayegh","year":"2000","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.76.061705.090740","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of antibody somatic hypermutation","volume":"76","author":"Neuberger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Kafrawy, S.A., Abbas, A.T., Oelkrug, C., Tahoon, M., Ezzat, S., Zumla, A., and Azhar, E.I. (2023). IgY antibodies: The promising potential to overcome antibiotic resistance. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1065353"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1000353","article-title":"Neonatal FcR overexpression boosts humoral immune response in transgenic mice","volume":"186","author":"Cervenak","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1186\/s13223-021-00599-2","article-title":"Differences in allergic symptoms after the consumption of egg yolk and egg white","volume":"17","author":"Uneoka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.23383","article-title":"Oral passive IgY-based immunotherapeutics: A novel solution for prevention and treatment of alimentary tract diseases","volume":"9","author":"Rahman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"113","article-title":"Role of Egg Membrane in Wound Healing: Our Experience Case Report","volume":"2","author":"Thomas","year":"2021","journal-title":"SunText Rev. Surg."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-4179(82)90029-8","article-title":"An experience of hen-egg membrane as a biological dressing","volume":"8","author":"Maeda","year":"1982","journal-title":"Burns"},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"219","article-title":"Eggshell membrane as a regenerative material in alveolar bone grafting in combination with advanced platelet rich fibrin","volume":"175","author":"Rachna","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Ter."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, L., Niu, X., Chen, X., Lu, F., Gao, J., and Chang, Q. (2022). 3D direct writing egg white hydrogel promotes diabetic chronic wound healing via self-relied bioactive property. Biomaterials, 282.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2022.121406"},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"T\u00fcmmler, B., Bosshammer, J., Breitenstein, S., Brockhausen, I., Gudowius, P., Herrmann, C., Herrmann, S., Heuer, T., Kubesch, P., and Mekus, F. (1997). Infections with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in patients with cystic fibrosis. Behring Inst. Mitt., 249\u2013255."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"S22","article-title":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa and cystic fibrosis: First colonization to chronic infection","volume":"13","author":"Laurans","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.10290","article-title":"Oral administration of specific yolk antibodies (IgY) may prevent Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in patients with cystic fibrosis: A phase I feasibility study","volume":"35","author":"Kollberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S23","DOI":"10.1016\/S1569-1993(19)30190-0","article-title":"WS12-5 Clinical study to evaluate an anti-Pseudomonas aeruginosa IgY gargling solution (EUDRACT 2011-000801-39)","volume":"18","author":"Schuster","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cyst. Fibros."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2006.214","article-title":"More than 10 years\u2019 continuous oral treatment with specific immunoglobulin Y for the prevention of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections: A case report","volume":"10","author":"Nilsson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcf.2019.04.009","article-title":"Mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa and regional inflammation in the cystic fibrosis lung","volume":"18","author":"Malhotra","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cyst. Fibros."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.20875","article-title":"Good effect of IgY against Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in cystic fibrosis patients","volume":"43","author":"Nilsson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1111\/aas.13784","article-title":"Bronchially instilled IgY-antibodies did not decrease pulmonary p. aeruginosa concentration in experimental porcine pneumonia","volume":"65","author":"Otterbeck","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1177\/17534259221114217","article-title":"Intravenous anti-P. aeruginosa IgY-antibodies do not decrease pulmonary bacterial concentrations in a porcine model of ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"28","author":"Otterbeck","year":"2022","journal-title":"Innate Immun."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10005-2774","article-title":"Efficacy of Immunoglobulin Y Chewable Tablets on Streptococcus mutans Count in Patients Undergoing Orthodontic Treatment","volume":"17","author":"Muthukumaran","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1159\/000262410","article-title":"Passive immunization against dental plaque formation in humans: Effect of a mouth rinse containing egg yolk antibodies (IgY) specific to Streptococcus mutans","volume":"31","author":"Hatta","year":"1997","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hao, N., Liu, B., Zhao, M., Lu, M., Chen, F., Kang, J., Tang, X., Zhang, Y., and Dang, C. (2024). Real-world evidence of a novel tetravalent immunoglobulin Y effectiveness and safety in patients with the refractory Helicobacter pylori infection. BMC Infect. Dis., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-09498-4"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13691","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.1c05398","article-title":"Potential Therapeutic Effects of Egg Yolk Antibody (IgY) in Helicobacter pylori Infections\u2500A Review","volume":"69","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2007.05.029","article-title":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections are prevented in cystic fibrosis patients by avian antibodies binding Pseudomonas aeruginosa flagellin","volume":"856","author":"Nilsson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B Anal. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonzalez, M.R., Ducret, V., Leoni, S., Fleuchot, B., Jafari, P., Raffoul, W., Applegate, L.A., Que, Y.A., and Perron, K. (2018). Transcriptome Analysis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Cultured in Human Burn Wound Exudates. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00039"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24850","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.24850","article-title":"Molecular characterizations of antibiotic resistance, biofilm formation, and virulence determinants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from burn wound infection","volume":"37","author":"Ghasemian","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lab. Anal."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1089\/sur.2020.102","article-title":"Burn infection and burn sepsis","volume":"22","author":"Shahrokhi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Surg. Infect."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2024.02.003","article-title":"Central venous catheter tip colonization and associated bloodstream infection in patients with severe burns under routine catheter changing","volume":"52","author":"Jeon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Control"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000717","article-title":"Skin manifestations of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections","volume":"34","author":"Spernovasilis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"84","article-title":"Agglutination of hen egg-yolk immunoglobulins (IgY) against Salmonella enterica, serovar enteritidis","volume":"30","author":"Terzolo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Rev. Argent. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"193","article-title":"Production and identification of chicken egg yolk antibodies against soluble egg antigen of Schistosoma japonicum","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Zhongguo Ji Sheng Chong Xue Yu Ji Sheng Chong Bing Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2011.11.005","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of egg yolk immunoglobulin Y specific to influenza B virus","volume":"93","author":"Wen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lpm.2010.05.018","article-title":"[Creation and organization of an antivenomous serum bank in France]","volume":"39","author":"Darsonval","year":"2010","journal-title":"Presse Med."},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"203","article-title":"Development of neutralization antibodies against highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus using ostrich (Struthio camelus) yolk","volume":"1","author":"Adachi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fink, A.L., Williams, K.L., Harris, E., Alvine, T.D., Henderson, T., Schiltz, J., Nilles, M.L., and Bradley, D.S. (2017). Dengue virus specific IgY provides protection following lethal dengue virus challenge and is neutralizing in the absence of inducing antibody dependent enhancement. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005721"},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"332","article-title":"Enterovirus type 71-immunized chicken egg yolk immunoglobulin has cross antiviral activity against coxsackievirus A16 in vitro","volume":"18","author":"Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Donnell, K.L., Meberg, B., Schiltz, J., Nilles, M.L., and Bradley, D.S. (2019). Zika Virus-Specific IgY Results Are Therapeutic Following a Lethal Zika Virus Challenge without Inducing Antibody-Dependent Enhancement. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11030301"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2467","DOI":"10.1080\/09168451.2016.1217144","article-title":"Preparation of chicken IgY against recombinant E2 protein of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and development of ELISA and ICA for BVDV detection","volume":"80","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2021.737218","article-title":"Protective effects of egg yolk immunoglobulins (IgY) on juvenile groupers (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus \u00d7 Epinephelus lanceolatus) with red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus infection","volume":"545","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc5902","article-title":"Potent neutralizing antibodies from COVID-19 patients define multiple targets of vulnerability","volume":"369","author":"Brouwer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc6952","article-title":"A neutralizing human antibody binds to the N-terminal domain of the Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"369","author":"Chi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2005.10.027","article-title":"Preparation and evaluation of anti-SARS coronavirus IgY from yolks of immunized SPF chicken","volume":"133","author":"Fu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01296-8","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection of the oral cavity and saliva","volume":"27","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-020-0485-4","article-title":"Structural and functional properties of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein: Potential antivirus drug development for COVID-19","volume":"41","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9465398","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/9465398","article-title":"Generation of Chicken IgY against SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein and Epitope Mapping","volume":"2020","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez de la Lastra, J.M., Baca-Gonz\u00e1lez, V., Asensio-Calavia, P., Gonz\u00e1lez-Acosta, S., and Morales-delaNuez, A. (2020). Can Immunization of Hens Provide Oral-Based Therapeutics against COVID-19?. Vaccines, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8030486"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1007\/s12250-021-00371-1","article-title":"Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgY Isolated from Egg Yolks of Hens Immunized with Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 for Immunoprophylaxis of COVID-19","volume":"36","author":"Shen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107172","article-title":"Chicken Egg Yolk Antibodies (IgYs) block the binding of multiple SARS-CoV-2 spike protein variants to human ACE2","volume":"90","author":"Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.10.005","article-title":"Comparing COVID-19 vaccines for their characteristics, efficacy and effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern: A narrative review","volume":"28","author":"Fiolet","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frumkin, L.R., Lucas, M., Scribner, C.L., Ortega-Heinly, N., Rogers, J., Yin, G., Hallam, T.J., Yam, A., Bedard, K., and Begley, R. (2022). Egg-Derived Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Immunoglobulin Y (IgY) With Broad Variant Activity as Intranasal Prophylaxis Against COVID-19. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.899617"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2421","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.15340","article-title":"Egg yolk immunoglobulin (IgY) targeting SARS-CoV-2 S1 as potential virus entry blocker","volume":"132","author":"Bao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, B., Peng, H., Zhang, Y., Zhang, J., Kong, D., Cao, S., Li, Y., Yang, D., Sun, C., and Pu, X. (2024). Rapid development and mass production of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing chicken egg yolk antibodies with protective efficacy in hamsters. Biol. Res., 57.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40659-024-00508-y"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwartz, F.A., Christophersen, L., Thomsen, K., Baekdal, S., Pals Bendixen, M., J\u00f8rgensen, M., Bull Rasmussen, I.K., Laulund, A.S., H\u00f8iby, N., and Moser, C. (2022). Chicken IgY reduces the risk of Pseudomonas aeruginosa urinary tract infections in a murine model. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.988386"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.02.046","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo effectiveness of egg yolk antibody against Candida albicans (anti-CA IgY)","volume":"26","author":"Rahman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1111\/ger.12139","article-title":"Effects of oral moisturising gel containing egg yolk antibodies against Candida albicans in older people","volume":"33","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gerodontology"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1111\/ger.12163","article-title":"Use of Candida-specific chicken egg yolk antibodies to inhibit the adhering of Candida to denture base materials: Prevention of denture stomatitis","volume":"33","author":"Kamikawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gerodontology"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1385\/IR:21:1:1","article-title":"Peroral immunotherapy with yolk antibodies for the prevention and treatment of enteric infections","volume":"21","author":"Carlander","year":"2000","journal-title":"Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1089\/10966200260398198","article-title":"Chicken egg yolk antibodies as therapeutics in enteric infectious disease: A review","volume":"5","author":"Mine","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.62310\/liab.v2i1.77","article-title":"Egg Yolk Antibodies: Production and applications in the diagnosis and treatment of animal diseases\u2014A review: Applications of egg yolk antibodies","volume":"2","author":"Wani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lett. Anim. Biol."},{"key":"ref_122","first-page":"62","article-title":"Passive protection of dogs against clinical disease due to Canine parvovirus-2 by specific antibody from chicken egg yolk","volume":"70","author":"Umeda","year":"2006","journal-title":"Can. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1080\/15321819.2014.892511","article-title":"Generation and characterization of chicken-sourced single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) against porcine interferon-gamma (pIFN-\u03b3)","volume":"36","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Immunoass. Immunochem."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-020-00832-7","article-title":"Canine Parvovirus is diagnosed and neutralized by chicken IgY-scFv generated against the virus capsid protein","volume":"51","author":"Ge","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.13752","article-title":"Chimerism of avian IgY-scFv and truncated IgG-Fc: A novel strategy in cross-species antibody generation and enhancement","volume":"172","author":"Ge","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.06.118","article-title":"Chicken egg yolk antibody (IgY) as diagnostics and therapeutics in parasitic infections\u2014A review","volume":"136","author":"Thirumalai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2017.07.002","article-title":"Avian antibodies (IgY) against Trypanosoma cruzi: Purification and characterization studies","volume":"449","author":"Grando","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-018-3308-x","article-title":"Ecto-enzymes activities in splenic lymphocytes of mice experimentally infected by Trypanosoma cruzi and treated with specific avian immunoglobulins: An attempt to improve the immune response","volume":"448","author":"Grando","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, M., Ji, Y., Xu, C., Hina, Q., Javed, U., and Li, K. (2024). Food and Waterborne Cryptosporidiosis from a One Health Perspective: A Comprehensive Review. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14223287"},{"key":"ref_130","first-page":"38","article-title":"Production of Specific Egg Yolk Antibody (IgY) against","volume":"10","author":"Farhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Lab. J."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.05.034","article-title":"Effect of egg yolk antibody on experimental Cryptosporidium parvum infection in scid mice","volume":"23","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2008-00340","article-title":"Induction of passive immunity in broiler chicken against Eimeria acervulina by hyperimmune egg yolk immunoglobulin Y","volume":"88","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/0264-410X(95)98255-9","article-title":"Eimeria maxima gametocyte antigens: Potential use in a subunit maternal vaccine against coccidiosis in chicken","volume":"13","author":"Wallach","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wallach, M.G., Ashash, U., Michael, A., and Smith, N.C. (2008). Field application of a subunit vaccine against an enteric protozoan disease. PLoS ONE, 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003948"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.04.020","article-title":"Protective effect of hyperimmune egg yolk IgY antibodies against Eimeria tenella and Eimeria maxima infections","volume":"163","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_136","first-page":"449","article-title":"Protection Efficacy of Multivalent Egg Yolk Immunoglobulin against Eimeria tenella Infection in Chicken","volume":"8","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Iran. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_137","unstructured":"WHO (2017). Expert Committee on Biological Standardization, Sixty-Seventh Report, World Health Organization. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, C.H., Leu, S.J., Lee, Y.C., Liu, C.I., Lin, L.T., Mwale, P.F., Chiang, J.R., Tsai, B.Y., Chen, C.C., and Hung, C.S. (2018). Characterization of Chicken-Derived Single Chain Antibody Fragments against Venom of Naja Naja Atra. Toxins, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10100383"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Attarde, S., Iyer, A., Khochare, S., Shaligram, U., Vikharankar, M., and Sunagar, K. (2022). The Preclinical Evaluation of a Second-Generation Antivenom for Treating Snake Envenoming in India. Toxins, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14030168"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2021.11.004","article-title":"Antivenom: An immunotherapy for the treatment of snakebite envenoming in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"129","author":"Mender","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Protein Chem. Struct. Biol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s40409-016-0078-3","article-title":"Anti-Trimeresurus albolabris venom IgY antibodies: Preparation, purification and neutralization efficacy","volume":"22","author":"Duan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Venom. Anim. Toxins Incl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maduwage, K., Silva, A., O\u2019Leary, M.A., Hodgson, W.C., and Isbister, G.K. (2016). Efficacy of Indian polyvalent snake antivenoms against Sri Lankan snake venoms: Lethality studies or clinically focussed in vitro studies. Sci. Rep., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep26778"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2022.02.008","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Avian Egg-Yolk Derived Pure Anti-Snake Venom in Healthy and Disease Animal-Model","volume":"111","author":"Korah","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2023.107180","article-title":"Production and evaluation of monovalent anti-snake immunoglobulins from chicken egg yolk using Ghanaian puff adder (Bitis arietans) Venom: Isolation, purification, and neutralization efficacy","volume":"231","author":"Gyawu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s40409-017-0112-0","article-title":"Preparation and neutralization efficacy of IgY antibodies raised against Deinagkistrodon acutus venom","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Venom. Anim. Toxins Incl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, J.H., Lo, C.M., Chuang, S.H., Chiang, C.H., Wang, S.D., Lin, T.Y., Liao, J.W., and Hung, D.Z. (2020). Collocation of avian and mammal antibodies to develop a rapid and sensitive diagnostic tool for Russell\u2019s Vipers Snakebite. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008701"},{"key":"ref_147","unstructured":"Pavan Kumar, N., and Photographer, C.E. (2024, December 27). Available online: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indian_cobra#\/media\/File:Indian_Cobra,_crop.jpg."},{"key":"ref_148","first-page":"129","article-title":"Oral immunotherapy with yolk antibodies to prevent infections in humans and animals","volume":"108","author":"Larsson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ups. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_149","unstructured":"(2024, December 30). World Health Organization: Antimicrobial Resistance. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/antimicrobial-resistance."},{"key":"ref_150","unstructured":"(2022). Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: A systematic analysis. Lancet, 399, 629\u2013655."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3355","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-17374-w","article-title":"Antibiotic residues in environment: Antimicrobial resistance development, ecological risks, and bioremediation","volume":"29","author":"Apreja","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.01.033","article-title":"Importance of antibiotic residues in animal food","volume":"125","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2216","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32900-8","article-title":"Food industry must act to safeguard the future of antibiotics","volume":"390","author":"The","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100058","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vas.2019.100058","article-title":"Patterns of antibiotic use in global pig production: A systematic review","volume":"7","author":"Lekagul","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2018.09.016","article-title":"The use of antimicrobials in global pig production: A systematic review of methods for quantification","volume":"160","author":"Lekagul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28750-6","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance and population genomics of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli in pig farms in mainland China","volume":"13","author":"Peng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, Y., Zhan, T., Tang, C., Zhao, Q., Dansou, D.M., Yu, Y., Barbosa, F.F., and Zhang, J. (2021). Effect of Replacing in-Feed Antibiotic Growth Promoters with a Combination of Egg Immunoglobulins and Phytomolecules on the Performance, Serum Immunity, and Intestinal Health of Weaned Pigs Challenged with Escherichia coli K88. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11051292"},{"key":"ref_158","unstructured":"FAO (2020). The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2020. Sustainability in Action, FAO."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2022.07.047","article-title":"The production and influence of anti-Vibrio parahaemolytics IgY against experimental infection of V. parahaemolyticus in cultured Fenneropenaeus indicus","volume":"128","author":"Kumaran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2017.12.062","article-title":"Physicochemical properties of anti Vibrio harveyi egg yolk antibody (IgY) and its immunological influence in Indian white shrimp Fenneropenaeus indicus","volume":"74","author":"Kumaran","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-018-0005-8","article-title":"Vibrio spp. infections","volume":"4","author":"Oliver","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, X., Zhang, X., Lin, L., Yao, D., Sun, J., Du, X., Li, X., and Zhang, Y. (2016). Passive Immune-Protection of Litopenaeus vannamei against Vibrio harveyi and Vibrio parahaemolyticus Infections with Anti-Vibrio Egg Yolk (IgY)-Encapsulated Feed. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17050723"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, K.W.K., Millar, B.C., and Moore, J.E. (2023). Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR). Br. J. Biomed. Sci., 80.","DOI":"10.3389\/bjbs.2023.11387"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grzywa, R., \u0141upicka-S\u0142owik, A., and Sie\u0144czyk, M. (2023). IgYs: On her majesty\u2019s secret service. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1199427"}],"container-title":["Antibodies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4468\/14\/1\/18\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:34:00Z","timestamp":1760027640000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4468\/14\/1\/18"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]]},"references-count":164,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["antib14010018"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antib14010018","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4468"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4468","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]]}}}