{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T09:50:31Z","timestamp":1780393831629,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]],"date-time":"2025-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748476800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibodies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: In the adaptive immune response of the dromedary (Camelus dromedarius, Camdro), the T cell receptor (TR) repertoire of the gamma\u2013delta (\u03b3\u03b4) T cells is unusually diversified both by somatic hypermutation in rearranged TR gamma (TRG) and delta (TRD) genes and by the diversity in sequence and length of the third complementarity-determining region (CDR3) of the TRD chain. Methods: The purpose was to investigate, in the absence of 3D structures, the role of Camdro \u03b3\u03b4 T cells, focusing on the binding interactions at the interface between the V-gamma and V-delta domains, and in complex with the CD1D, a major histocompatibily class I (MH1)-like glycoprotein presenting lipid antigen in association with B2M. A combination of hypermutated TRG dromedary cDNA clones was paired with TRD clones bearing very long, long, or short CDR3s, all isolated from the spleen of a single animal. Results: The 3D models of the Camdro TRG_TRD\/CD1D_B2M complexes were inferred using the Homo sapiens 3D structure and the ImMunoGeneTics (IMGT) numbering for V, C, and G domains, and investigated for binding interactions at the interface of the paired V-gamma_V-delta and at the interface with CD1D. Our results suggest that transcripts with long CDR3s may derive from a population of CD1D-restricted \u03b3\u03b4 T cells. Both the CD1D G-alpha1-like and G-alpha-2 like domain helices were contacted by both the V-gamma and V-delta CDR-IMGT loops. Conclusions: Our findings further emphasize the similarity between the \u03b3\u03b4 T cells population we analyzed in Camelus dromedarius and the CD1D-restricted \u03b3\u03b4 NKT cells in Homo sapiens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antib14020046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T06:14:27Z","timestamp":1748585667000},"page":"46","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Three-Dimensional Modeling of Camelus dromedarius T Cell Receptor Gamma (TRG)_Delta (TRD)\/CD1D Complex Reveals Different Binding Interactions Depending on the TRD CDR3 Length"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3208-0730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salvatrice","family":"Ciccarese","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E.Orabona, 4-70125 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0116-9353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie-Paule","family":"Lefranc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMGT<sup>\u00ae<\/sup>, the International ImMunoGeneTics Information System<sup>\u00ae<\/sup> (IMGT), Laboratoire d\u2019ImmunoG\u00e9n\u00e9tique Mol\u00e9culaire (LIGM), Institut de G\u00e9n\u00e9tique Humaine (IGH), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier (UM), 34090 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia C. M.","family":"Perrone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biochemistry, Structural, and Molecular Biology, Department of Pharmacy\u2014Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari, Via E. Orabona, 4-70125 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3325-4931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pietro","family":"D\u2019Addabbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E.Orabona, 4-70125 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1816-548X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ciro Leonardo","family":"Pierri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biochemistry, Structural, and Molecular Biology, Department of Pharmacy\u2014Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari, Via E. 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