{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T23:13:53Z","timestamp":1791414833863,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"SIP IPN","award":["20240440"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20240440"]}]},{"name":"IPN"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antibodies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite responsible for toxoplasmosis, a disease with significant health implications for humans and animals. The surface antigen 1 (SAG1) of T. gondii is a major immunodominant protein that facilitates host cell invasion, making it an ideal target for diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. Immunoglobulin Y (IgY), the primary antibody in avian species, offers unique advantages over mammalian IgG, including easier animal care, lower costs, high-yield production, and potential passive immunization. Objectives: This study aimed to induce, purify, and characterize IgY antibodies targeting T. gondii SAG1 from hen egg yolks. Methods: The coding region of the mature portion of T. gondii SAG1 was amplified by PCR, cloned into the pET32a(+) vector for heterologous expression in E. coli. The recombinant SAG1 (rSAG1) was purified by affinity chromatography and used to immunize hens. IgY was extracted from egg yolks using PEG. SDS-PAGE and spectrophotometry were used to evaluate purity and concentration. By ELISA, Western blot, and flow cytometry, the specificity of IgY was assessed against recombinant and endogenous, native, and denatured SAG1. Results: Purified IgY demonstrated strong recognition of both recombinant and native SAG1 in ELISA and Western blot, and against T. gondii tachyzoites by flow cytometry. Conclusions: SAG1-specific IgY was produced in a pure form; it could be helpful in research, diagnosis, and treatment at low costs on a larger production scale, with minimal animal harm.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antib14040081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T15:25:59Z","timestamp":1758900359000},"page":"81","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Purification and Characterization of Immunoglobulin Y (IgY) Targeting Surface Antigen 1 (SAG1) of Toxoplasma gondii"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Enrique Adri\u00e1n","family":"Herrera-Aguirre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Medicina y Zootecnia de Aves, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Le\u00f3n-N\u00fa\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Enfermedades Osteoarticulares e Inmunol\u00f3gicas, Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopat\u00eda (IPN), Mexico City 07320, Mexico"},{"name":"Laboratorio de Inmunolog\u00eda Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatr\u00eda, Mexico City 04530, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4591-7379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaime","family":"Marcial-Quino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Biolog\u00eda y Quimica, Plantel Casa Libertad, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de la Ciudad de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 09620, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2095-9182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sa\u00fal","family":"G\u00f3mez-Manzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Bioqu\u00edmica Gen\u00e9tica, Instituto Nacional de Pediatr\u00eda, Mexico City 04530, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9860-8983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9sar Augusto","family":"Reyes-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Bioqu\u00edmica Estructural, Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopat\u00eda (IPN), Mexico City 07320, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yolanda","family":"Medina-Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Anticuerpos Monoclonales, Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Molecular y Validaci\u00f3n de T\u00e9cnicas, Instituto de Diagn\u00f3stico y Referencia Epidemiol\u00f3gicos Dr. Manuel Mart\u00ednez B\u00e1ez (InDRE), Mexico City 01480, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Mata-Ru\u00edz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Anticuerpos Monoclonales, Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Molecular y Validaci\u00f3n de T\u00e9cnicas, Instituto de Diagn\u00f3stico y Referencia Epidemiol\u00f3gicos Dr. Manuel Mart\u00ednez B\u00e1ez (InDRE), Mexico City 01480, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lizbeth","family":"Xicotencatl-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioterio, Instituto Nacional de Pediatr\u00eda, Mexico City 04530, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hector","family":"Luna-Past\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Inmunolog\u00eda Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatr\u00eda, Mexico City 04530, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0681-780X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luz Belinda","family":"Ortiz-Alegr\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Inmunolog\u00eda Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatr\u00eda, Mexico City 04530, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9806-6267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nury","family":"P\u00e9rez-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Enfermedades Osteoarticulares e Inmunol\u00f3gicas, Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopat\u00eda (IPN), Mexico City 07320, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3936-4907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Escorcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Medicina y Zootecnia de Aves, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3354-4421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dolores","family":"Correa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad An\u00e1huac M\u00e9xico, Av. Universidad An\u00e1huac 46, Lomas An\u00e1huac, Huixquilucan 52786, Estado de M\u00e9xico, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5050-2143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"G\u00f3mez-Ch\u00e1vez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Enfermedades Osteoarticulares e Inmunol\u00f3gicas, Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopat\u00eda (IPN), Mexico City 07320, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04445-z","article-title":"The life-cycle of Toxoplasma gondii reviewed using animations","volume":"13","author":"Attias","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daher, D., Shaghlil, A., Sobh, E., Hamie, M., Hassan, M.E., Moumneh, M.B., Itani, S., El Hajj, R., Tawk, L., and El Sabban, M. 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