{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T00:36:03Z","timestamp":1788568563954,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759795200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ISCA Diagnostics Ltd"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibodies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The frequency of necrotising cutaneous and soft tissue infections caused by the Mucorales fungi Apophysomyces and Sakasenaea is increasing. The absence of sophisticated diagnostic technologies in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) means that detection of cutaneous mucormycosis continues to rely on culture of the infecting pathogens from biopsy and their differentiation based on morphological characteristics. However, Apophysomyces and Sakasenaea are notorious for their failure to sporulate on standard mycological media used for the identification of human pathogenic fungi. Differentiation of these pathogens and their discrimination from Aspergillus fumigatus, the most common mould pathogen of humans, is essential due to their differing sensitivities to the antifungal drugs used to treat mucormycosis. Methods: A murine IgG1 monoclonal antibody, JD4, has been developed that is specific to Apophysomyces species. In Western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), mAb JD4 is shown to bind to an extracellular 15 kDa protein, readily detectable in crude antigen extracts from non-sporulating cultures of Apophysomyces. Results: When combined with a Mucorales-specific lateral-flow immunoassay (LFIA), mAb JD4 allows the differentiation of Apophysomyces from Saksenaea species and discrimination from Aspergillus fumigatus. Monoclonal antibody JD4 enables the detection and differentiation of Apophysomyces species from other fungal pathogens that cause rapidly progressive cutaneous and soft tissue mycoses in humans. When this is combined with a rapid LFIA, improvements are offered in the sensitivity and specificity of Mucorales detection based on mycological culture, which remains a gold-standard procedure for mucormycosis detection in LMICs lacking access to more sophisticated diagnostic procedures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antib14040085","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T12:46:56Z","timestamp":1759841216000},"page":"85","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Monoclonal Antibodies Can Aid in the Culture-Based Detection and Differentiation of Mucorales Fungi\u2014The Flesh-Eating Pathogens Apophysomyces and Saksenaea as an Exemplar"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6213-3130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher R.","family":"Thornton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ISCA Diagnostics Ltd., Lowin House, Tregolls Road, Truro, Cornwall TR1 2NA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2482-6734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Genna E.","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Living Systems Institute, Stocker Road, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2022). WHO Fungal Priority Pathogens List to Guide Research, Development and Public Health Action, World Health Organization. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-024-01062-w","article-title":"The pathobiology of human fungal infections","volume":"22","author":"Brown","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"myad130","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myad130","article-title":"Mucorales: A systematic review to inform the World Health Organization priority list of fungal pathogens","volume":"62","author":"Morrissey","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e405","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30312-3","article-title":"Global guidelines for the diagnosis and management of mucormycosis: An initiative of the European Confederation of Medical Mycology in cooperation with the Mycoses Study Group Education and Research Consortium","volume":"19","author":"Cornely","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-021-00584-8","article-title":"Epidemiology and pathophysiology of COVID-19-associated mucormycosis: India versus the rest of the world","volume":"186","author":"Muthu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12243","article-title":"Mucormycosis in India: Unique features","volume":"57","author":"Chakrabarti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944.e9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.11.021","article-title":"A multicentre observational study on the epidemiology, risk factors, management and outcomes of mucormycosis in India","volume":"26","author":"Patel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Erami, M., Mirhendi, H., Momen-Heravi, M., Hezaveh, S.J.H., Ahsaniarani, A.H., Sabet, A.S., and Aboutalebian, S. (2022). A case of COVID-19-associated rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis caused by Apophysomyces variabilis with a review of the literature. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.898477"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1093\/clind\/24.4.580","article-title":"Primary cutaneous zygomycosis due to Saksenaea vasiformis and Apophysomyces elegans","volume":"24","author":"Chakrabarti","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myz081","article-title":"Mucormycosis due to Apophysomyces species complex\u201425 years\u2019 experience at a tertiary care hospital in southern India","volume":"58","author":"Pamidimukkala","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13592","article-title":"Saksenaea vasiformis infection: Extensive abdominal necrotizing fasciitis with systemic review and analysis of 65 cases","volume":"66","author":"Singh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e254183","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2022-254183","article-title":"Saksenaea mucormycosis: A rare and dangerous cause of necotising fasciitis","volume":"16","author":"Sykes","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Landr\u00e9, V., Klingebiel, F.K.-L., van Niftrik, C.H.B., Goetze, E., Speck, R.F., H\u00fcbner, C.T., Pape, H.-C., and Sch\u00e4fer, F.P. (2025). Mucormycosis caused by Apophysomyces elegans\u2014A case report and systematic review of the literature of rhino-orbital-cerebral cases of the genus Apophysomyces. J. Fungi, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof11050368"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-025-00954-6","article-title":"A global analysis of cases of mucormycosis recorded in the European Confederation of Medical Mycology\/International Society for Human and Animal Mycology (ECMM\/ISHAM) Zygomyco.net registry from 2009 to 2022","volume":"190","author":"Skiada","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myw014","article-title":"The environmental source of emerging Apophysomyces variabilis infection in India","volume":"54","author":"Prakash","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13605","article-title":"Apophysomyces variabilis as an emerging pathogen in mainland China","volume":"66","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.44.3.892-898.2006","article-title":"Rhino-orbitocerebral mucormycosis caused by Apophysomyces elegans","volume":"44","author":"Liang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540902856537","article-title":"Severe filamentous fungal infections after widespread tissue damage due to traumatic injury: Six cases and review of the literature","volume":"41","author":"Lebeau","year":"2009","journal-title":"Scand. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2814","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00671-12","article-title":"Invasive Apophysomyces variabilis infection in a burn patient","volume":"50","author":"Calvano","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000000221","article-title":"Posttraumatic mucormycosis","volume":"93","author":"Lelievre","year":"2014","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"rju104","DOI":"10.1093\/jscr\/rju104","article-title":"Fatal fungal infection: The living dead","volume":"2014","author":"Narayanan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Surg. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.9790\/0853-13328690","article-title":"Apophysomyces variabilis a flesh-eating fungus\u2014A case report","volume":"13","author":"Shankarappa","year":"2014","journal-title":"IOSR J. Dent. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ad.2014.12.005","article-title":"Primary cutaneous mucormycosis due to Saksenaea vasiformis in an immunocompetent patient","volume":"106","author":"Dominguez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Actas Dermosifiliogr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mmcr.2017.12.002","article-title":"Necrotizing fasciitis caused by Apophysomyces variabilis in an immunocompetent patient","volume":"20","author":"Ocampo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Mycol. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idcr.2019.e00660","article-title":"Necrotizing fasciitis caused by Apophysomyces variabilis","volume":"18","author":"Samaddar","year":"2019","journal-title":"IDCases"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Etienne, K.A., Gillece, J., Hilsabeck, R., Schupp, J.M., Colman, R., Lockhart, S.R., Gade, L., Thompson, E.H., Sutton, D.A., and Neblett-Fanfair, R. (2012). Whole genome sequence typing to investigate the Apophysomyces outbreak following a tornado in Joplin, Missouri, 2011. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0049989"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis749","article-title":"Invasive mold infections following combat-related injuries","volume":"55","author":"Warketien","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e164","DOI":"10.1097\/BCR.0b013e318299d4bb","article-title":"Mucormycosis: A rare fungal infection in tornado victims","volume":"35","author":"Austin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Burn Care Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2017.07.002","article-title":"Invasive fungal infections secondary to traumatic injury","volume":"62","author":"Kronen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walsh, T.J., Hospenthal, D.R., Petraitis, V., and Kontoyiannis, D.P. (2019). Necrotizing mucormycosis of wounds following combat injuries, natural disasters, burns, and other trauma. J. Fungi, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof5030057"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2013.06.008","article-title":"A case of Apophysomyces trapeziformis nectrotizing soft tissue infection","volume":"17","author":"Echaiz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e005075","DOI":"10.1099\/jmmcr.0.005075","article-title":"Diagnostic difficulty identifying Apophysomyces trapeziformis septic arthritis in a patient with multiple myeloma","volume":"3","author":"Bertumen","year":"2016","journal-title":"JMM Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1080\/00275514.1982.12021481","article-title":"An unusual source for Apophysomyces elegans and a method for stimulating sporulation of Saksenaea vasiformis","volume":"74","author":"Ellis","year":"1982","journal-title":"Mycologia"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.26.9.1861-1863.1988","article-title":"Simple method of inducing sporulation by Apophysomyces elegans and Saksenaea vasiformis","volume":"26","author":"Padhye","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.riam.2014.06.005","article-title":"Fungal necrotizing fasciitis, an emerging infectious disease caused by Apophysomyces (Mucorales)","volume":"32","author":"Chander","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Iberoam. Micol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Labuda, R., Bernreiter, A., Hochenauer, D., Sch\u00fcller, C., Kub\u00e1tov\u00e1, A., Strauss, J., and Wagner, M. (2019). Saksenaeae dorisiae sp. nov., a new opportunistic pathogenic fungus from Europe. Int. J. Microbiol., 2019.","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/6253829"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4230","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000004230","article-title":"Cutaneous invasive fungal infections with Saksenaea species in immunocompetent patients in Europe: A systematic review and case report","volume":"10","author":"Planegger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg. Glob. Open."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01886-17","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01886-17","article-title":"Species identification and delineation of pathogenic Mucorales by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionisation-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry","volume":"56","author":"Shao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2021.101197","article-title":"Apophysomyces variabilis, an emerging and worrisome cause of primary cutaneous necrotizing infections in India","volume":"31","author":"Chander","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.3800639","article-title":"Zygomycotic necrotizing fasciitis in immunocompetent patients: A series of 18","volume":"19","author":"Jain","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1080\/14737159.2023.2233906","article-title":"The potential for rapid antigen testing for mucormycosis in the context of COVID-19","volume":"3","author":"Thornton","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davies, G.E., and Thornton, C.R. (2022). Development of a monoclonal antibody and a serodiagnostic lateral-flow device specific to Rhizopus arrhizus (Syn. R. oryzae), the principal global agent of mucormycosis in humans. J. Fungi, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8070756"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thornton, C.R., Davies, G.E., and Dougherty, L. (2023). Development of a monoclonal antibody and a lateral-flow device for the rapid detection of a Mucorales-specific biomarker. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1305662"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e244","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiae375","article-title":"Characterization of the spatiotemporal localization of a pan-Mucorales-specific antigen during germination and immunohistochemistry","volume":"231","author":"Hudson","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00226-25","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00226-25","article-title":"Detection of Mucorales antigen in bronchoalveolar lavage samples using a newly developed lateral-flow device","volume":"63","author":"Rousselot","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Talbot, N.J. (2001). Immunological Methods for Fungi. Molecular and Cellular Biology of Filamentous Fungi: A Practical Approach, Oxford University Press. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780199638383.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00192-06","article-title":"Upstream and downstream regulation of asexual development in Aspergillus fumigatus","volume":"5","author":"Mah","year":"2006","journal-title":"Euk. Cell"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00068-08","article-title":"Development of an immunochromatographic lateral-flow device for rapid serodiagnosis of invasive aspergillosis","volume":"15","author":"Thornton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.aambs.2019.10.003","article-title":"Detection of the \u2018big five\u2019 mold killers of humans: Aspergillus, Fusarium, Lomentospora, Scedosporium and Mucormycetes","volume":"110","author":"Thornton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1086\/432579","article-title":"Epidemiology and outcome of zygomycosis: A review of 929 reported cases","volume":"41","author":"Roden","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mmcr.2016.03.002","article-title":"Isavuconazole as salvage therapy for mucormycosis","volume":"11","author":"Graves","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Mycol. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pham, D., Howard-Jones, A.R., Sparks, R., Stefani, M., Sivalingham, V., Halliday, C.L., Beardsley, J., and Chen, C.-A. (2023). Epidemiology, modern diagnostics, and the management of Mucorales infections. J. Fungi, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof9060659"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caramalho, R., Tyndall, J.D.A., Monk, B.C., Larentis, T., Lass-Fl\u00f6rl, C., and Lackner, M. (2017). Intrinsic short-tailed azole resistance in mucormycetes is due to an evolutionary conserved aminoacid substitution of the lanosterol 14a-demethylase. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-16123-9"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2012.065110","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of mucormycosis in patients with hematological malignancies: Guidelines from the 3rd European Conference on Infections in Leukemia (ECIL 3)","volume":"98","author":"Skiada","year":"2013","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01467-08","article-title":"Activity of Posaconazole and other antifungal agents against Mucorales strains identified by sequencing of internal transcribed spacers","volume":"53","author":"Castelli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemotherap."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.11124.1","article-title":"Rare fungal infectious agents: A lurking enemy","volume":"6","author":"Skiada","year":"2017","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1111\/ajd.13508","article-title":"Mucormycosis with cutaneous involvement. A retrospective study of 115 cases at a tertiary care hospital in Mexico","volume":"62","author":"Bonifaz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Australas. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2578","DOI":"10.1039\/D4LC01075B","article-title":"A comprehensive review of competitive lateral flow assays over the past decade","volume":"25","author":"Rivas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1590\/abd1806-4841.20176614","article-title":"Cutaneous mucormycosis","volume":"92","author":"Welsh","year":"2017","journal-title":"An. Bras. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murray, J., Lu, Z.A., Miller, K., Meadows, A., Totten, M., and Zhang, S.X. (2023). Disseminated aspergillosis and mucormycosis diagnosed at autopsy: A report of two cases of coinfection and a review of the literature. J. Fungi, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof9030357"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2018.07.011","article-title":"The Epidemiology and clinical manifestations of Mucormycosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of case reports","volume":"25","author":"Jeong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"William, A., Kaur, R., Rawat, D., Kandir, N.S.S., and Sharma, A. (2022). Necrotizing fasciitis in neonate by Lichtheimia ramosa: A case study. Access Microbiol., 4.","DOI":"10.1099\/acmi.0.000327"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-018-0295-3","article-title":"REASSURED diagnostics to inform disease control strategies, strengthen health systems and improve patient outcomes","volume":"4","author":"Land","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Millon, L., Herbrecht, R., Grenouillet, F., Morio, F., Alanio, A., Letscher-Bru, V., Cassaing, S., Chouaki, T., Kauffman-Lacroix, C., and Poirier, P. (2016). Early diagnosis and monitoring of mucormycosis by detection of circulating DNA in serum: Retrospective analysis of 44 cases collected through the French Surveillence Network of Invasive Fungal Infections (RESSIF). Clin. Microbiol. Infect., 22.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2015.12.006"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen, H., Cai, X., Liu, J., Yan, G., Ye, Y., Ding, R., Wu, J., Li, L., Shen, Q., and Ma, Y. (2023). Case report: The clinical utility of metagenomic next-generation sequencing in mucormycosis diagnosis caused by fatal Lichtheimia ramosa infection in pediatric neuroblastoma. Front. Pediatr., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2023.1130775"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00056-10","article-title":"Mucormycosis caused by unusual Mucormycetes, non-Rhizopus, -Mucor, and -Lichtheimia species","volume":"24","author":"Gomes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.riam.2010.01.006","article-title":"Molecular phylogenetic diversity of the emerging mucoralean fungus Apophysomyces: Proposal of three new species","volume":"27","author":"Alvarez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Iberoam. Micol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000233624.34950.f8","article-title":"Necrotizing fasciitis caused by Apophysomyces elegans complicating soft tissue and pelvic injuries in a tsunami survivor from Thailand","volume":"119","author":"Snell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Plast. Reconst. Surg."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4428","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02138-14","article-title":"Primary cutaneous mucormycosis produced by the new species Apophysomyces mexicanus","volume":"52","author":"Bonifaz","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"3","article-title":"Humeral osteomyelitis with Apophysomyces ossiformis in an immunocompetent patient: A case report","volume":"2","author":"Miller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Surg. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Herrera, E., Fr\u00edas-De-Le\u00f3n, M.G., Juli\u00e1n-Castrej\u00f3n, A., Cruz-Ben\u00edtez, L., Xicohtencatl-Cortes, J., and Hern\u00e1ndez-Castro, R. (2020). Rhino-orbital mucormycosis due to Apophysomyces ossiformis in a patient with diabetes mellitus: A case report. BMC Infect. Dis., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05337-4"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.3390\/idr14020031","article-title":"First molecular identification of three clinical isolates of fungi causing mucormycosis in Honduras","volume":"14","author":"Ortiz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Rep."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"P70","article-title":"Chronic orbital and calvarial fungal infection with Apophysomyces variabilis in an immunocompetent patient","volume":"62","author":"Wolkow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Pathol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3707","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.05095-11","article-title":"Saksenaea erythrospora infection following combat trauma","volume":"49","author":"Hospental","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.062174-0","article-title":"Saksenaea erythrospora infection following a serious sailing accident","volume":"63","author":"Relloso","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2016.05.032","article-title":"Saksenaea erythropora infection after medical tourism for esthetic breast augmentation surgery","volume":"49","author":"Cantillo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1080\/23744235.2016.1239027","article-title":"Saksenaea erythrospora, an emerging mucoralean fungus causing severe necrotizing skin and soft tissue infections\u2014A study from a tertiary care hospital in north India","volume":"49","author":"Chander","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"6","article-title":"Cutaneous zygomycosis due to Saksenaea vasiformis in a patient with paraparesis, burns and pressure ulcer","volume":"10","author":"Tendolkar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Dis."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2214","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1204781","article-title":"Necrotizing cutaneous mucormycosis after a tornado in Joplin, Missouri, in 2011","volume":"367","author":"Benedict","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."}],"container-title":["Antibodies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4468\/14\/4\/85\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:50:06Z","timestamp":1760035806000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4468\/14\/4\/85"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["antib14040085"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antib14040085","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4468"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4468","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]}}}