{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T14:23:03Z","timestamp":1784816583757,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2014NextGenerationEU"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003336","name":"National Recovery and Resilience Plan of the Republic of Bulgaria","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BG-RRP-2.004-0008-C01."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BG-RRP-2.004-0008-C01."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003336","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibodies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Aims: C1q is an autoantigen in different autoimmune disorders, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) and Lupus Nephritis (LN) among them. The two functional domains of C1q, the collagen-like region (CLR) and the globular head region (gC1q), are frequently recognized by autoantibodies in SLE and LN when C1q is immobilized. We studied whether autoantibodies to C1q in SLE and LN patients recognized C1q as a soluble autoantigen and whether the act of immobilization was a prerequisite for the recognition of C1q autoepitopes localized on gC1q domains. Methods: The interaction of soluble C1q and its globular fragments ghA, ghB, and ghC with immobilized IgG autoantibodies (and vice versa) from sera of 48 patients with SLE and LN was studied with ELISA. Data were compared using Spearman correlation coefficient. Fluorescence spectroscopy was used to study the interaction between C1q and LN IgG autoantibodies both presented in solution. Results: We found that anti-C1q autoantibodies from SLE and LN patients specifically bound C1q and gC1q fragments, ghA, ghB, and ghC, both as immobilized and soluble antigens. Correlation analysis indicated a negative correlation between the levels of autoantibodies against immobilized and soluble C1q and immobilized and soluble gC1q fragments which indicates different epitopes when these proteins were recognized as autoantigens in soluble and immobilized conformations. Conclusions: Serum C1q in patients with SLE is a target molecule for binding from anti-C1q autoantibodies. The gC1q region undergoes a conformational change in an immobilized and a soluble form, thus exposing different epitope-binding sites.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antib14040094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T17:06:06Z","timestamp":1762362366000},"page":"94","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["C1q Is Recognized as a Soluble Autoantigen by Anti-C1q Antibodies of Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Alexandra Anatolieva","family":"Atanasova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University \u201cSt. Kliment Ohridski\u201d, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4375-5115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ginka Ilieva","family":"Cholakova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University \u201cSt. Kliment Ohridski\u201d, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4419-1603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra Panagiotis","family":"Kapogianni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University \u201cSt. Kliment Ohridski\u201d, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5867-8634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vancho","family":"Donev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bul Bio\u2014NCIPD Ltd., 1504 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Delina","family":"Ivanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Rheumatology, UMHAT Sofiamed, 1797 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna Dimitrova","family":"Yordanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology of Cell Cycle, Institute of Molecular Biology \u201cRumen Tzanev\u201d, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7951-1089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanya Petkova","family":"Bogoeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology of Cell Cycle, Institute of Molecular Biology \u201cRumen Tzanev\u201d, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3308-4154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivanka Georgieva","family":"Tsacheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University \u201cSt. Kliment Ohridski\u201d, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2017.05.025","article-title":"C1q: A fresh look upon an old molecule","volume":"89","author":"Thielens","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. 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