{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T05:35:13Z","timestamp":1766036113914,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765843200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002635","name":"Inha University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002635","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibodies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The Fc region of immunoglobulin G (IgG) is a key target in therapeutic and analytical applications, such as antibody purification and site-specific bioconjugation. Although Protein A exhibits strong Fc-binding affinity, its large molecular weight and limited chemical flexibility pose challenges for use in compact or chemically defined systems. To address these limitations, we designed two \u03b1-helical peptides, SpA h1 and SpA h2, based on the Fc-binding helices of the Z34C domain from Staphylococcus aureus Protein A. Method: To enhance the structural stability and Fc-binding capability of these peptides, a lactam-based stapling strategy was employed by introducing lysine and glutamic acid residues at positions i and i + 4. Result: The resulting stapled peptides, (s)SpA h1 and (s)SpA h2, exhibited significantly improved \u03b1-helical content and IgG-binding performance, as demonstrated by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy and fluorescence-based IgG capture assays. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis confirmed specific, concentration-dependent interactions with the Fc region of human IgG, with (s)SpA h1 consistently showing the binding affinity and stability. Proteolytic resistance assays using \u03b1-chymotrypsin revealed that (s)SpA h1 maintained its structural integrity over time, exhibiting markedly enhanced resistance to enzymatic degradation compared to its linear counterpart. Furthermore, (s)SpA h1 exhibited strong Fc selectivity with minimal Fab affinity, confirming its suitability as a compact and Fc-specific binding ligand. Conclusions: These results confirm the successful design and development of structurally reinforced Fc-binding peptides that overcome the inherent limitations of short linear sequences through both high-affinity sequence optimization and lactam-based stapling. Among them, (s)SpA h1 demonstrates the most promising characteristics as a compact yet stable Fc-binding ligand, suitable for applications such as antibody purification and site-specific bioconjugation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antib14040108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T12:47:26Z","timestamp":1765889246000},"page":"108","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Enhancement of Structural Stability and IgG Affinity of a Z34C-Derived \u03b1-Helical Peptide via Lactam Stapling"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jung Gu","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Inseo","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3458-2491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joo-young","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3775-9080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Woo-jin","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ji-eun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 22012, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1002\/btm2.10061","article-title":"Evolving trends in mAb production processes","volume":"2","author":"Shukla","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioeng. 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