{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:31:05Z","timestamp":1787027465035,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibodies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) have emerged as an important new class drugs for the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM) over the last few years. Currently, BsAbs are only licensed for use as monotherapy in patients with relapsed\/refractory MM who have had at least three prior lines of treatment and are triple class-exposed (patients who have received an anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody, an immunodulatory drug, and a proteasome inhibitor). However, their use in earlier lines, including in the upfront setting, is being explored in multiple ongoing clinical trials with promising early results. The BsAbs have specific toxicities, including a high rate of low-grade cytokine release syndrome and, less commonly, immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome. These immune-related toxicities occur almost exclusively during the initiation phase of the BsAbs. This has led to frequent hospitalization of patients for the duration of the initial step-up dosing phase. Strategies that could facilitate outpatient step-up dosing, such as tocilizumab prophylaxis, will become even more critical if BsAbs move into earlier lines of treatment and are used in larger numbers of patients. Optimizing infection prophylaxis is critical for ensuring the safe delivery of BsAbs as infection is the leading cause of non-relapse mortality in patients being treated with BsAbs. Multiple strategies to minimize the infection risk, including antimicrobial prophylaxis, immunoglobulin replacement, vaccination and reduced dosing frequency, have been evaluated. The clinical data on the efficacy of these supportive measures are described in this review article alongside the available strategies for mitigating and managing CRS and ICANS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antib15010005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T12:38:56Z","timestamp":1767616736000},"page":"5","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Bispecific Antibodies: Strategies Available to Optimize Their Safe Delivery in Patients with Multiple Myeloma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6292-3802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannah Victoria","family":"Giles","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Haematology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK"},{"name":"Birmingham Health Partners Fellow, College of Medicine and Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bhuvan","family":"Kishore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Haematology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2702","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.24.01008","article-title":"Linvoseltamab for Treatment of Relapsed\/Refractory Multiple Myeloma","volume":"42","author":"Bumma","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2259","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02528-9","article-title":"Elranatamab in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma: Phase 2 MagnetisMM-3 trial results","volume":"29","author":"Lesokhin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2203478","article-title":"Teclistamab in Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma","volume":"387","author":"Moreau","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e269","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(24)00385-5","article-title":"Safety and activity of talquetamab in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (MonumenTAL-1): A multicentre, open-label, phase 1\u20132 study","volume":"12","author":"Chari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2232","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2204591","article-title":"Talquetamab, a T-Cell\u2013Redirecting GPRC5D Bispecific Antibody for Multiple Myeloma","volume":"387","author":"Chari","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2024-199542","article-title":"Cevostamab in Patients with Heavily Pretreated Relapsed\/Refractory Multiple Myeloma (RRMM): Updated Results from an Ongoing Phase I Study Demonstrate Clinically Meaningful Activity and Manageable Safety and Inform the Doses and Regimen for Combination Studies","volume":"144","author":"Richter","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-024-01139-y","article-title":"Bispecific antibodies in the treatment of multiple myeloma","volume":"14","author":"Devasia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7013","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2024-207377","article-title":"MagnetisMM-32: Evaluation of Elranatamab Vs EPd, PVd, or Kd in Patients with Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma and Prior Anti-CD38-Directed Therapy","volume":"144","author":"Schuster","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7289","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2022-159756","article-title":"MajesTEC-4 (EMN30): A Phase 3 Trial of Teclistamab + Lenalidomide Versus Lenalidomide Alone As Maintenance Therapy Following Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma","volume":"140","author":"Zamagni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10148","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2022-160173","article-title":"MajesTEC-7: A Phase 3, Randomized Study of Teclistamab + Daratumumab + Lenalidomide (Tec-DR) Versus Daratumumab + Lenalidomide + Dexamethasone (DRd) in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma Who Are Either Ineligible or Not Intended for Autologous Stem Cell Transplant","volume":"140","author":"Krishnan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"TPS8067","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2023.41.16_suppl.TPS8067","article-title":"MajesTEC-9: A randomized phase 3 study of teclistamab versus pomalidomide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone or carfilzomib and dexamethasone in patients with relapsed\/refractory multiple myeloma","volume":"41","author":"Touzeau","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e039274c","DOI":"10.1097\/01.HS9.0000975284.03927.4c","article-title":"PB2130 Magnetismm-6: A phase 3 study of elrana tamab + daratumumab + lenalidomide vs daratumumab + lenalidomide + dexamethasone in transplant ineligible patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma","volume":"7","author":"Grosicki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hemasphere"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"ClinicalTrials.gov (2025, December 09). A Window of Opportunity Trial to Learn if Linvoseltamab is Safe and Well Tolerated, and How Well It Works in Adult Participants With Recently Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma Who Have Not Already Received Treatment (LINKER-MM4), Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT05828511."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"ClinicalTrials.gov (2025, December 09). A Study to Compare Linvoseltamab Monotherapy and Linvoseltamab+Carfilzomib Combination Therapy With Standard-of-Care Combination Regimens in Adult Participants With Relapsed\/Refractory Multiple Myeloma (RRMM) (LINKER-MM5), Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT07222761."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2023-187706","article-title":"Talquetamab + Pomalidomide in Patients with Relapsed\/Refractory Multiple Myeloma: Safety and Preliminary Efficacy Results from the Phase 1b MonumenTAL-2 Study","volume":"142","author":"Matous","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2406536","article-title":"Talquetamab plus Teclistamab in Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma","volume":"392","author":"Cohen","year":"2025","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2018.12.758","article-title":"ASTCT Consensus Grading for Cytokine Release Syndrome and Neurologic Toxicity Associated with Immune Effector Cells","volume":"25","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cosenza, M., Sacchi, S., and Pozzi, S. (2021). Cytokine release syndrome associated with T-cell-based therapies for hematological malignancies: Pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and treatment. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22147652"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114075","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2024.114075","article-title":"Reactions and adverse events induced by T-cell engagers as anti-cancer immunotherapies, a comprehensive review","volume":"205","author":"Hueso","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e205","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(24)00043-3","article-title":"International Myeloma Working Group immunotherapy committee consensus guidelines and recommendations for optimal use of T-cell-engaging bispecific antibodies in multiple myeloma","volume":"25","author":"Usmani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1158\/2643-3230.BCD-24-0354","article-title":"Real-World Experience with Teclistamab for Relapsed\/Refractory Multiple Myeloma from the US Myeloma Immunotherapy Consortium","volume":"6","author":"Razzo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Blood Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dima, D., Davis, J.A., Ahmed, N., Jia, X., Sannareddy, A., Shaikh, H., Shune, L., Kaur, G., Khouri, J., and Afrough, A. (2024). Safety and Efficacy of Teclistamab in Patients with Relapsed\/Refractory Multiple Myeloma: A Real-World Experience. Transpl. Cell. Ther., 30.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtct.2023.12.537"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Puttkammer, J.R., Barreto, J.N., Jensen, C.J., Nedved, A.N., Wilson-Miller, J.L., Cole, K.C., Holmes, L.M., Kosobud, A.R., Kapoor, P., and Gertz, M.A. (2025). Outpatient Management of Bispecific Related Toxicities: An Observational Study of Safety Outcomes and Resource Utilization. JCO Oncol. Pract., OP2400930.","DOI":"10.1200\/OP-24-00930"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1080\/03007995.2024.2352856","article-title":"Panel Interview of Oncology practices with Emergent Experience of teclistamab in the Real world: The TecPIONEER Study","volume":"40","author":"Derman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Res. Opin."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4979","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2025016911","article-title":"Tocilizumab prophylaxis for patients with multiple myeloma treated with bispecific antibodies","volume":"9","author":"Kowalski","year":"2025","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19504","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2025.43.16_suppl.e19504","article-title":"Tocilizumab prophylaxis for outpatient administration of teclistamab in relapsed\/refractory multiple myeloma","volume":"43","author":"Jadot","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Derman, B., Tan, C., Steinfield, I., Wilson, F.R., Lin, D., Wu, B., Fernandez, M., Fowler, J., Paner-Straseviciute, A., and Kim, N. (2025). Real-World Evidence Evaluating Teclistamab in Patients with Relapsed\/Refractory Multiple Myeloma: A Systematic Literature Review. Cancers, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17071235"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clml.2025.04.002","article-title":"Feasibility and Safety of Outpatient Model for Administration of Bispecific Antibodies: Proceedings from an International Myeloma Society 21st Annual Meeting Oral Abstract","volume":"25","author":"Scott","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-023-00963-y","article-title":"Prophylactic tocilizumab to prevent cytokine release syndrome (CRS) with teclistamab: A single-center experience","volume":"13","author":"Scott","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e132","DOI":"10.1002\/hem3.132","article-title":"Prophylactic tocilizumab reduces the incidence of cytokine release syndrome in relapsed\/refractory myeloma patients treated with teclistamab: Implications for outpatient step-up dosing","volume":"8","author":"Korst","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hemasphere"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000621","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2020-000621","article-title":"Tocilizumab, but not dexamethasone, prevents CRS without affecting antitumor activity of bispecific antibodies","volume":"8","author":"Kauer","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-023-00883-x","article-title":"Redefining attrition in multiple myeloma (MM): A Canadian Myeloma Research Group (CMRG) analysis","volume":"13","author":"McCurdy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4418","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2022-162733","article-title":"MonumenTAL-3: Phase 3 Trial of Talquetamab + Daratumumab \u00b1 Pomalidomide Versus Daratumumab + Pomalidomide + Dexamethasone in Relapsed\/Refractory Multiple Myeloma Following \u22651 Prior Line of Therapy","volume":"140","author":"Cohen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3615","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2023011089","article-title":"Predictive model for the risk of cytokine release syndrome with glofitamab treatment for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","volume":"8","author":"Gritti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2035","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.34756","article-title":"Detailed overview of incidence and management of cytokine release syndrome observed with teclistamab in the MajesTEC-1 study of patients with relapsed\/refractory multiple myeloma","volume":"129","author":"Martin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2283","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2025-2283","article-title":"Impact of tumor burden on the risk of cytokine release syndrome (CRS) in patients with multiple myeloma treated with elranatamab (ELRA) in combination with daratumumab (DARA) and lenalidomide (R) in the MagnetisMM-6 trial","volume":"146","author":"Touzeau","year":"2025","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1093\/jjco\/hyae068","article-title":"Elranatamab in Japanese patients with relapsed\/refractory multiple myeloma: Results from MagnetisMM-2 and MagnetisMM-3","volume":"54","author":"Iida","year":"2024","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Cai, Z., Xia, Z.-J., He, A.-L., Dong, Y., Wang, Y., Liao, A., Song, Y., Song, J., Uhlar, C., and Chastain, K. (2025, December 09). Results from the China Cohort of the Phase 1\/2 Majestec-1 Study of Teclistamab (TEC) Treatment in Patients (PTS) with Triple-Class Exposed Relapsed\/Refractory Multiple Myeloma (Rrmm). Abstract Release Date: 05\/14\/24. EHA Library. Cai Z. 06\/13\/2024, 421483; PB2717. Available online: https:\/\/library.ehaweb.org\/eha\/2025\/eha2025-congress\/4162024\/juan.du.long-term.follow-up.from.the.china.cohort.of.the.phase.1.2.majestec-1.html?f=liing%3D3%2Abrowseby%3D8%2Asortby%3D1%2Amedia%3D1."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e71276","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.71276","article-title":"Characterization and Management of Cytokine Release Syndrome From the MonumenTAL-1 Study of Talquetamab in Patients With Relapsed\/Refractory Multiple Myeloma","volume":"14","author":"Chari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3038","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2024012724","article-title":"Patterns of CRS with teclistamab in relapsed\/refractory multiple myeloma with or without prior T-cell redirection therapy","volume":"8","author":"Hamadeh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-025-01259-z","article-title":"Real-world evaluation of teclistamab for the treatment of relapsed\/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM): An International Myeloma Working Group Study","volume":"15","author":"Tan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70114","DOI":"10.1002\/hem3.70114","article-title":"A German multicenter real-world analysis of talquetamab in 138 patients with relapsed\/refractory multiple myeloma","volume":"9","author":"Frenking","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hemasphere"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2024.02.023","article-title":"Characteristics and incidence of infections in patients with multiple myeloma treated by bispecific antibodies: A national retrospective study","volume":"30","author":"Jourdes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-025-01282-0","article-title":"Effect of Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG) Supplementation on infection-free survival in recipients of BCMA-directed bispecific antibody therapy for multiple myeloma","volume":"15","author":"Mohan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2023023616","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of teclistamab in patients with relapsed\/refractory multiple myeloma after BCMA-targeting therapies","volume":"144","author":"Touzeau","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.35107","article-title":"Incidence, timing, and management of infections in patients receiving teclistamab for the treatment of relapsed\/refractory multiple myeloma in the MajesTEC-1 study","volume":"130","author":"Nooka","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yi, J.H., Lee, J.H., Jung, S., Lee, J.H., Lee, J.Y., Kim, K., Park, S., Min, C., Choi, Y.S., and Kim, M.K. (2025). Real-World Efficacy and Safety of Teclistamab for Patients with Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma: Nationwide Retrospective Analysis of the Named Patient Program in Korea. Cancer Res. Treat., Online ahead of print.","DOI":"10.4143\/crt.2025.399"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2429627","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2024.2429627","article-title":"Influenza neuraminidase mutations and resistance to neuraminidase inhibitors","volume":"13","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smyk, J.M., Szyd\u0142owska, N., Szulc, W., and Majewska, A. (2022). Evolution of Influenza Viruses\u2014Drug Resistance, Treatment Options, and Prospects. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232012244"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12176","article-title":"Detection and management of antiviral resistance for influenza viruses","volume":"7","author":"Boivin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir. Viruses"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-023-00879-7","article-title":"Monitoring, prophylaxis, and treatment of infections in patients with MM receiving bispecific antibody therapy: Consensus recommendations from an expert panel","volume":"13","author":"Raje","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"(2025, December 09). IDSA Guideline on the Treatment and Management of COVID-19. Available online: https:\/\/www.idsociety.org\/COVID19guidelines."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"(2025, December 09). NICE NICE Guideline. COVID-19 Rapid Guideline: Managing COVID-19. Available online: https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ng191\/resources\/covid19-rapid-guideline-managing-covid19-pdf-66142077109189."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bneo.2025.100097","article-title":"Risk factors and clinical impact of cytomegalovirus DNAemia in patients with multiple myeloma treated with teclistamab","volume":"2","author":"Pei","year":"2025","journal-title":"Blood Neoplasia."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1186\/s40780-025-00506-6","article-title":"A case of hepatitis B virus reactivation after elranatamab therapy in a patient with multiple myeloma","volume":"11","author":"Nishimura","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Health Care Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3394","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2023-177735","article-title":"A Phase 2, Single-Arm, Non-Inferiority Study of Limited-Duration Teclistamab for Relapsed and Refractory Multiple Myeloma (LimiTec)","volume":"142","author":"Razzo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1158\/2643-3230.BCD-23-0049","article-title":"IVIg Use Associated with Ten-Fold Reduction of Serious Infections in Multiple Myeloma Patients Treated with Anti-BCMA Bispecific Antibodies","volume":"4","author":"Lancman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cani, L., Scott, S.A., Roberts, D., Joseph, N.S., Hofmeister, C.C., Gupta, V.A., Dhodapkar, M.V., Lonial, S., Nooka, A.K., and Kaufman, J.L. (2025). Infection risk in 158 patients with relapsed\/refractory multiple myeloma treated with bispecific antibodies: A single-center experience. Haematologica, Online ahead of print.","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2025.288187"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2023011658","article-title":"Teclistamab impairs humoral immunity in patients with heavily pretreated myeloma: Importance of immunoglobulin supplementation","volume":"8","author":"Frerichs","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sheu, M., Garcia, S.M., Patel, M., Mushtaq, A., Rust, T., Asif, M.A., Anwer, F., and Majeed, A. (2025). Infection Prophylaxis with Intravenous Immunoglobulin in Multiple Myeloma Patients Treated with Teclistamab. Oncology, Online ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1159\/000548964"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4720","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2025016490","article-title":"Immunoglobulin prophylaxis should be initiated after bispecific antibody therapy in multiple myeloma, regardless of IgG levels","volume":"9","author":"Banerjee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4141","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-025-06529-1","article-title":"De-escalated Teclistamab dosing in relapsed\/refractory multiple myeloma: Czech myeloma group real-world evidence analysis","volume":"104","author":"Stork","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e192927","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI192927","article-title":"Early CD4+ T cell proliferation and chronic T cell engagement impact myeloma outcomes following T cell engager therapy","volume":"135","author":"Duffy","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.07.035","article-title":"Oral Fluoroquinolones and Risk of Mitral and Aortic Regurgitation","volume":"74","author":"Etminan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1007\/s40264-013-0089-8","article-title":"Tendon Injury and Fluoroquinolone Use: A Systematic Review","volume":"36","author":"Stephenson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Drug Saf."}],"container-title":["Antibodies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4468\/15\/1\/5\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T12:51:32Z","timestamp":1767617492000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4468\/15\/1\/5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["antib15010005"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antib15010005","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4468"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4468","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]}}}