{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T08:18:48Z","timestamp":1793175528991,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibodies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Food allergy is a growing public health concern, and oral immunotherapy (OIT) has emerged as a promising approach to induce desensitization and potentially sustained unresponsiveness to allergenic foods. Changes in humoral immunity, particularly in allergen-specific immunoglobulin levels, play a central role in the immunological mechanisms underlying OIT. This review aims to summarize the current evidence on how OIT modulates allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE), G (IgG) and A (IgA) responses in individuals with food allergy. Methods: We conducted a review of original research articles reporting longitudinal data on allergen-specific IgE, IgG, and\/or IgA in patients undergoing OIT for common food allergens. Results: OIT was consistently associated with a transient increase in allergen-specific IgE levels during early phases, followed by a gradual decline. In contrast, Allergen-specific IgG4 levels showed a robust and sustained increase, correlating with desensitization and proposed to function as blocking antibodies. Several studies also reported an increase in allergen-specific IgA, particularly secretory IgA at mucosal sites, suggesting a potential role in enhancing mucosal tolerance and immune exclusion of allergens. Conclusions: Humoral immune responses during OIT are characterized by distinct and dynamic changes in immunoglobulin patterns. In particular, the rise in IgG4 and, in some cases, IgA suggests a role in promoting tolerance. Monitoring these biomarkers may offer insights into treatment efficacy and support individualized approaches to OIT.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antib15010006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T11:46:43Z","timestamp":1767786403000},"page":"6","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Oral Immunotherapy-Induced Changes in IgE, IgG, and IgA: A Review of Antibody Isotype Shifts and Their Clinical Relevance in Food Allergy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Lasagni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy, and Rare Diseases IRCCS San Raffaele, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, IRCCS San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Vetrugno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy, and Rare Diseases IRCCS San Raffaele, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, IRCCS San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara Maria","family":"Maggiore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy, and Rare Diseases IRCCS San Raffaele, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, IRCCS San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Galassetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy, and Rare Diseases IRCCS San Raffaele, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, IRCCS San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia Di","family":"Colo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy, and Rare Diseases IRCCS San Raffaele, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, IRCCS San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Pavan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4345-6051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Costantino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Dagna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy, and Rare Diseases IRCCS San Raffaele, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, IRCCS San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2022.08.008","article-title":"Treatment for food allergy: Current status and unmet needs","volume":"151","author":"Dantzer","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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