{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T17:17:15Z","timestamp":1770916635690,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":179,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibodies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Autoantibodies have long been regarded as passive reflections of immune dysregulation in connective tissue diseases (CTDs). Recent advances in systems immunology and molecular pathology have fundamentally redefined them as active molecular fingerprints that delineate distinct disease endophenotypes with predictive power for clinical trajectories and therapeutic responses. Rather than mere epiphenomena, autoantibodies encode precise information about dominant immune pathways, organ tropism, and pathogenic mechanisms. This review synthesizes emerging evidence that autoantibody repertoires\u2014defined by specificity, structural properties, and functional characteristics\u2014stratify patients beyond traditional clinical taxonomy into discrete pathobiological subsets. Specific signatures such as anti-MDA5 in rapidly progressive interstitial lung disease, anti-RNA polymerase III in scleroderma renal crisis, and anti-Ro52\/TRIM21 in systemic overlap syndromes illustrate how serological profiles predict outcomes with remarkable precision. Mechanistically, autoantibody pathogenicity is modulated by immunoglobulin isotype distribution, Fc glycosylation patterns, and tissue-specific receptor expression\u2014variables that determine whether an antibody functions as a biomarker or pathogenic effector. The structural heterogeneity of autoantibodies, shaped by cytokine microenvironments and B-cell subset imprinting, creates a dynamic continuum between pro-inflammatory and regulatory states. The integration of serological, transcriptomic, and imaging data establishes a precision medicine framework: autoantibodies function simultaneously as disease classifiers and therapeutic guides. This endophenotype-driven approach is already influencing trial design and patient stratification in systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, and inflammatory myopathies, and is reshaping both clinical practice and scientific taxonomy in CTDs. Recognizing autoantibodies as endophenotypic determinants aligns disease classification with pathogenic mechanism and supports the transition towards immunologically informed therapeutic strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antib15010007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T15:52:57Z","timestamp":1768319577000},"page":"7","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Autoantibodies as Precision Tools in Connective Tissue Diseases: From Epiphenomenon to Endophenotype"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9051-1810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Soyfoo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, H\u00f4pital Universitaire de Bruxelles (HUB), 1070 Bruxelles, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6833-0044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie","family":"Sarrand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, H\u00f4pital Universitaire de Bruxelles (HUB), 1070 Bruxelles, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-6196(25)10643-5","article-title":"Presentation of two bone marrow elements: The tart cell and the LE cell","volume":"23","author":"Hargraves","year":"1948","journal-title":"Proc. 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