{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T14:57:10Z","timestamp":1780066630194,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01 R01AI136758"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 R01AI136758"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the Fred Hutch\/University of Washington\/Seattle Children\u2019s Cancer Consortium","award":["P30 CA015704"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 CA015704"]}]},{"name":"the U.S. Department of Energy Isotope Program"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibodies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: We are developing cytotoxic immunoconjugates (CICs) to eliminate HIV-infected cells. We investigated the efficacy and kinetics of killing by different forms of CICs targeted by the same monoclonal antibody (mAb), an immunotoxin (IT), antibody-drug conjugate (ADC), and radioimmunoconjugate (RIC). Methods: We compared in vitro effects of CICs made by conjugating anti-gp41 mAb 7B2 to deglycosylated ricin A chain (7B2-dgA), the anthracycline derivative PNU-159682 (7B2-PNU), or the \u03b1-emitting isotope actinium-225 (7B2-225Ac). Kinetic analyses of cell growth were performed measuring electrical impedance every 15 min over a 7-day period using cells stably expressing the HIV envelope and Env-negative parent cells. Results: 7B2-dgA and 7B2-225Ac were more potent and acted more rapidly to kill cells than 7B2-PNU. Both the 7B2-PNU and 7B2-225Ac induced bystander-cell killing, whereas the IT did not and consequently allowed the outgrowth of Env-negative cells. Low dose or brief exposure to 7B2-PNU resulted in an increased rate of cell growth. Conclusions: An IT, ADC, and RIC showed substantial differences in the degree of specific toxicity, kinetics, and mechanisms of killing. The results of this side-by-side comparison have implications for the development of CICs to treat HIV, as well as other conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antib15010012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T08:48:04Z","timestamp":1769590084000},"page":"12","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Comparative In Vitro Evaluation of Anti-HIV Immunotoxin, Antibody\u2013Drug Conjugate, and Radioimmunoconjugate Targeted by the Same Antibody"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3017-0448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne-Sophie","family":"Kuhlmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tami","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald K.","family":"Hamlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yawen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9066-792X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinyi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Stackhouse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frances M.","family":"Cole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jasmin","family":"Martinez-Reyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9767-9739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brenda M.","family":"Sandmaier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans-Peter","family":"Kiem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. Scott","family":"Wilbur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert D.","family":"Harrington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1622-4386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seth H.","family":"Pincus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Umotoy, J.C., and de Taeye, S.W. 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