{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T12:12:17Z","timestamp":1785413537002,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015631","name":"Investigator-Initiated Studies Programme of Merck Canada Inc.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ISS60289"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ISS60289"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015631","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Speck Family Chair in emerging infectious diseases","award":["575225582707"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["575225582707"]}]},{"name":"Tier I Canada Research Chair"},{"name":"Clinical Research Scholar\u2013Junior 2 programme"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05k7cyf48","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibodies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: To determine the incidence and outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection and to evaluate seroconversion rates and quantify antibody responses to COVID-19 vaccines in two cohorts of persons living with HIV at a possible higher risk of poor outcomes (HCV coinfection and those over the age of 65 years). Methods: We included participants from two established cohorts of persons living with HIV, those who were older than 65 years of age, and those with hepatitis C (HCV) co-infection. Four hundred and seventy-one participants completed questionnaires on SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccine doses and submitted peripheral blood specimens for measuring antibody levels to COVID-19 antigens, full-length spike trimer, its receptor binding domain (RBD), and nucleocapsid protein (N) at 6-month intervals up to three visits between February 2021 and December 2024. Logistic and ordinal logistic regression models evaluated predictors of seroconversion and antibody levels. Results: Overall, 51% of participants developed a SARS-CoV-2 infection, but it was mild, with only nine requiring hospital admission and no deaths. Overall, 99% of tested specimens had antibodies above threshold to either spike or RBD proteins. Specimens that did not and those with lower antibody levels had testing earlier in the pandemic, and were from participants with fewer vaccine doses, and did not have natural infection. Age, depression, comorbidity, HCV co-infection, current substance use, CD4 count, or HIV viral load were predictive of antibody level. Those with hybrid immunity had higher antibody responses. Conclusions: In cohorts of persons with HIV-HCV coinfection and those who are ageing, we observed high rates of seroconversion to COVID-19 antigens. Antibody levels were higher among those with more vaccine doses, hybrid immunity, and later in the pandemic waves. Although 51% developed a breakthrough infection, outcomes were mild with no deaths.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antib15020030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T02:06:21Z","timestamp":1775441181000},"page":"30","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19 Vaccine Antibody Responses in Two Canadian Cohorts of Persons Living with HIV"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3959-5692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sharon L.","family":"Walmsley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6774-8924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leif Erik","family":"Lovblom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistical Research Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bryan","family":"Boyachuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Curtis","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4E9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7973-8582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Val\u00e9rie","family":"Martel-Laferri\u00e8re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CHUM-Centre Hospitalier de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mona","family":"Loutfy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Women\u2019s College Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 1N8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-Louise","family":"Vachon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, CHU de Qu\u00e9bec-Universit\u00e9 Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shariq","family":"Haider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McMaster University Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela","family":"Aldebes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H3A 1A1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8979-1659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen","family":"Colwill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne Claude","family":"Gingras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Freda","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina B.","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s12981-021-00427-y","article-title":"Outcomes of patients with HIV and COVID-19 co-infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Danwang","year":"2022","journal-title":"AIDS Res. 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