{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T04:52:05Z","timestamp":1781671925919,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibodies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is an aggressive tumor that, together with the cholangiocarcinomas, constitutes the spectrum of biliary tract cancer (BTC). These tumors are characterized by a frequently late diagnosis, marked genomic heterogeneity, variable response to cytotoxic therapies, and poor overall survival in advanced stages. Nevertheless, the characterization of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and the identification of actionable molecular targets have driven the development of biological therapies. This review summarizes current and emerging evidence on monoclonal antibodies, bispecific antibodies, and antibody\u2013drug conjugates (ADCs) in the management of GBC. The analysis addresses the early exploration of autoantibodies as potential diagnostic biomarkers, mechanistic hypotheses of immune evasion, and the clinical translation of targeted agents in the metastatic setting. Additionally, we critically discuss the extrapolation of data from global BTC trials to the specific GBC setting, the integration of population genetics into epidemiological studies such as the EULAT Eradicate GBC initiative, and the preliminary status of immunotherapy in perioperative scenarios.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antib15030049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T03:27:21Z","timestamp":1781666841000},"page":"49","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Improving Gallbladder Cancer Outcomes with Antibody-Based Therapies and Immunological Profiling: A Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3319-1678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Caglevic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Arturo L\u00f3pez P\u00e9rez OECI Cancer Center\u2014Centre of Research and Innovation in Cancer (CIIC-FALP), Santiago 7500966, Chile"},{"name":"Postgraduate Medicine Faculty, Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago 7500966, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario Alex","family":"Contreras-Torrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Arturo L\u00f3pez P\u00e9rez OECI Cancer Center\u2014Centre of Research and Innovation in Cancer (CIIC-FALP), Santiago 7500966, Chile"},{"name":"Medical Oncology Fellow, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 7500966, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felipe","family":"Reyes-Cosmelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Arturo L\u00f3pez P\u00e9rez OECI Cancer Center\u2014Centre of Research and Innovation in Cancer (CIIC-FALP), Santiago 7500966, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Uribe-Maturana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Arturo L\u00f3pez P\u00e9rez OECI Cancer Center\u2014Centre of Research and Innovation in Cancer (CIIC-FALP), Santiago 7500966, Chile"},{"name":"Postgraduate Medicine Faculty, Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago 7500966, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauricio","family":"Mahave","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Arturo L\u00f3pez P\u00e9rez OECI Cancer Center\u2014Centre of Research and Innovation in Cancer (CIIC-FALP), Santiago 7500966, Chile"},{"name":"Postgraduate Medicine Faculty, Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago 7500966, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Caire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Arturo L\u00f3pez P\u00e9rez OECI Cancer Center\u2014Centre of Research and Innovation in Cancer (CIIC-FALP), Santiago 7500966, Chile"},{"name":"Postgraduate Medicine Faculty, Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago 7500966, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0412-0144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Villanueva-Olivares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Arturo L\u00f3pez P\u00e9rez OECI Cancer Center\u2014Centre of Research and Innovation in Cancer (CIIC-FALP), Santiago 7500966, Chile"},{"name":"Medical Oncology Unit, Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7500966, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Cid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Arturo L\u00f3pez P\u00e9rez OECI Cancer Center\u2014Centre of Research and Innovation in Cancer (CIIC-FALP), Santiago 7500966, Chile"},{"name":"Medical Oncology Unit, Hospital del Salvador, Santiago 7500966, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5576-1478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alvaro","family":"Lladser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Basal Ciencia & Vida, Fundaci\u00f3n Ciencia & Vida, Santiago 7500966, Chile"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Universidad San Sebasti\u00e1n, Santiago 7500966, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Sapunar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Arturo L\u00f3pez P\u00e9rez OECI Cancer Center\u2014Centre of Research and Innovation in Cancer (CIIC-FALP), Santiago 7500966, Chile"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de la Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-022-00398-y","article-title":"Gallbladder cancer","volume":"8","author":"Roa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. 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