{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T15:55:18Z","timestamp":1781711718224,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibodies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Type I interferons (IFN-I), including IFN-\u03b1, IFN-\u03b2, and IFN-\u03c9, are central to antiviral defence and immune regulation. Autoantibodies targeting IFN-I (anti-IFN-I AAbs) have emerged as key pathogenic factors in severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and are detectable in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a prototypic IFN-driven autoimmune disease. Here we compare the prevalence and clinical impact of anti-IFN-I autoantibodies (Aabs) in COVID-19 and SLE based on a structured review of 53 studies from 2014 to 2025 and highlight the clinical associations and therapeutic opportunities presented by these autoantibodies. In COVID-19, neutralising anti-IFN-\u03b1 and\/or anti-IFN-\u03c9 AAbs were consistently associated with severe disease and impaired antiviral responses, particularly in older male populations. In SLE, anti-IFN-\u03b1 AAbs were variably detected; neutralising antibodies were associated with reduced interferon gene signatures in some cohorts but inconsistent correlations with disease activity. Therapeutically, anti-IFN-I AAbs in COVID-19 may inform risk stratification and early antiviral strategies, whereas in SLE, IFN-\u03b1 blockade, including IFN-\u03b1 kinoid vaccination, demonstrates modulation of IFN signatures but variable clinical benefit. Notably, these findings reveal an immunological paradox: the same neutralising mechanism that impairs antiviral defence in COVID-19 may attenuate chronic IFN-driven inflammation in SLE. Taken together, anti-IFN-I AAbs exert context-dependent effects: pathogenic in acute viral infection yet potentially modulatory in chronic IFN-driven autoimmunity. Prospective longitudinal studies are required to further clarify their translational utility and long-term clinical impact.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antib15030050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T15:11:22Z","timestamp":1781709082000},"page":"50","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Anti-Type I Interferon Autoantibodies in COVID-19 and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Comparative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1167-353X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin Rong","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore 308433, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan Xuan Wei","family":"Teo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore 308433, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rae Yi Xin","family":"Par","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health and Social Sciences, Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore 828608, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1119-4934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernard Pui Lam","family":"Leung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore 308433, Singapore"},{"name":"Health and Social Sciences, Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore 828608, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2004433","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202004433","article-title":"Cytokines: From Clinical Significance to Quantification","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. 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