{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T00:28:10Z","timestamp":1793406490218,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The emergence of resistance to antifungal drugs has made the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) very challenging. Among natural substances, biosurfactants (BS) produced by Lactobacillus have gained increasing interest in counteracting Candida infections for their proven anti-adhesive properties and safety profile. In the present study, liposomes (LP-BS) or liposomes coated with hyaluronic acid (HY-LP-BS) were prepared in the presence of the BS isolated from the vaginal strain Lactobacillus crispatus BC1 and characterized in terms of size, \u03b6 potential, stability and mucoadhesion. The anti-biofilm activity of free BS, LP-BS and HY-LP-BS was investigated against different Candida albicans and non-albicans strains (C. glabrata, C. lusitaniae, C. tropicalis, C. krusei and C. parapsilosis), clinically isolated from patients affected by VVC. The inhibition of biofilm formation and the dispersal of pre-formed biofilm were evaluated. The obtained phospholipid vesicles showed suitable size for vaginal application and good stability over the storage period. HY-LP-BS exhibited good mucoadhesive properties and the best anti-biofilm profile, both in preventing or limiting the surface colonization by a broad spectrum of Candida species. In conclusion, the formulation of a novel antifungal agent derived from the vaginal microbiota into mucoadhesive nanocarriers appears to be a promising biotherapeutic strategy to counteract vulvovaginal candidiasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10010033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T22:35:48Z","timestamp":1609540548000},"page":"33","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Lactobacillus crispatus BC1 Biosurfactant Delivered by Hyalurosomes: An Advanced Strategy to Counteract Candida Biofilm"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Angela","family":"Abruzzo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum\u2014University of Bologna, Via San Donato 19\/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8870-8836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Giordani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum\u2014University of Bologna, Via San Donato 19\/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1536-9276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carola","family":"Parolin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum\u2014University of Bologna, Via San Donato 19\/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9697-0911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Priscilla R.","family":"De Gregorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA)-CONICET, Chacabuco 145, 4000 San Miguel de Tucum\u00e1n, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7253-8799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudio","family":"Foschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum\u2014University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Cerchiara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum\u2014University of Bologna, Via San Donato 19\/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Bigucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum\u2014University of Bologna, Via San Donato 19\/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6196-5410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatrice","family":"Vitali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum\u2014University of Bologna, Via San Donato 19\/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Luppi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum\u2014University of Bologna, Via San Donato 19\/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.107","article-title":"Development and regulation of single- and multi-species Candida albicans biofilm","volume":"16","author":"Lohse","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00451-18","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00451-18","article-title":"Conservation and Divergence in the Candida Species Biofilm Matrix Mannan-Glucan Complex Structure, Function, and Genetic Control","volume":"9","author":"Dominguez","year":"2018","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e339","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30103-8","article-title":"Global burden of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis: A systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Denning","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Willems, H., Ahmed, S., Liu, J., Xu, Z., and Peters, B. (2020). Vulvovaginal Candidiasis: A Current Understanding and Burning Questions. J. Fungi, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof6010027"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anestopoulos, I., Kiousi, D.E., Klavaris, A., Galanis, A., Salek, K., Euston, S.R., Pappa, A., and Panayiotidis, M. (2020). Surface Active Agents and Their Health-Promoting Properties: Molecules of Multifunctional Significance. Pharmaceutics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12070688"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2013.10.002","article-title":"Potential therapeutic applications of biosurfactants","volume":"34","author":"Rangarajan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698713","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/698713","article-title":"Simultaneous Production of Biosurfactants and Bacteriocins by Probiotic Lactobacillus casei MRTL3","volume":"2014","author":"Sharma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.2323\/jgam.59.425","article-title":"Antimicrobial and anti-adhesive properties of biosurfactant produced by lactobacilli isolates, biofilm formation and aggregation ability","volume":"59","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-020-01390-5","article-title":"Biosurfactant from vaginal Lactobacillus crispatus BC1 as a promising agent to interfere with Candida adhesion","volume":"19","author":"Parolin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb Cell Fact."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2630","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02630","article-title":"Lactobacillus crispatus BC5 Interferes With Chlamydia trachomatis Infectivity Through Integrin Modulation in Cervical Cells","volume":"9","author":"Parolin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14095","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-50410-x","article-title":"Diversity of vaginal microbiome and metabolome during genital infections","volume":"9","author":"Ceccarani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5656","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13468-9","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles from symbiotic vaginal lactobacilli inhibit HIV-1 infection of human tissues","volume":"10","author":"Vanpouille","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parolin, C., Marangoni, A., Laghi, L., Foschi, C., \u00d1ahui Palomino, R.A., Calonghi, N., Cevenini, R., and Vitali, B. (2015). Isolation of Vaginal Lactobacilli and Characterization of Anti-Candida Activity. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0131220"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2015.10.035","article-title":"Association of Lactobacillus crispatus with fructo-oligosaccharides and ascorbic acid in hydroxypropyl methylcellulose vaginal insert","volume":"136","author":"Vitali","year":"2016","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giordani, B., Basnet, P., Mishchenko, E., Luppi, B., and \u0160kalko-Basnet, N. (2019). Utilizing Liposomal Quercetin and Gallic Acid in Localized Treatment of Vaginal Candida Infections. Pharmaceutics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12010009"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2017.11.012","article-title":"Novel mixed vesicles containing lactobacilli biosurfactant for vaginal delivery of an anti-Candida agent","volume":"112","author":"Abruzzo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rukavina, Z., and Vani, \u017d. (2016). Current trends in development of liposomes for targeting bacterial biofilms. Pharmaceutics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics8020018"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2019.04.011","article-title":"Liposomes containing biosurfactants isolated from Lactobacillus gasseri exert antibiofilm activity against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains","volume":"139","author":"Giordani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vicario-de-la-Torre, M., Caballo-Gonz\u00e1lez, M., Vico, E., Morales-Fern\u00e1ndez, L., Arriola-Villalobos, P., De Las Heras, B., Ben\u00edtez-Del-Castillo, J.M., Guzm\u00e1n, M., Millar, T., and Herrero-Vanrell, R. (2018). Novel Nano-Liposome Formulation for Dry Eyes with Components Similar to the Preocular Tear Film. Polymers, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym10040425"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gyobfe.2015.04.008","article-title":"Efficacy of a medical device containing liposomal hyaluronic acid against vulvo-vaginal dryness","volume":"43","author":"Bohbot","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gynecol. Obs. Fertil."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1021","DOI":"10.1002\/cti2.1021","article-title":"High molecular weight hyaluronic acid: A two-pronged protectant against infection of the urogenital tract?","volume":"7","author":"Mowbray","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abruzzo, A., Cappadone, C., Farruggia, G., Luppi, B., Bigucci, F., and Cerchiara, T. (2020). Glycyrrhetinic Acid Liposomes and Hyalurosomes on Spanish Broom, Flax, and Hemp Dressings to Heal Skin Wounds. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25112558"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2015.08.037","article-title":"Delivery of liquorice extract by liposomes and hyalurosomes to protect the skin against oxidative stress injuries","volume":"134","author":"Castangia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b12-00343","article-title":"Menthosomes, novel ultradeformable vesicles for transdermal drug delivery: Optimization and characterization","volume":"35","author":"Duangjit","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S60674","article-title":"Role of the charge, carbon chain length, and content of surfactant on the skin penetration of meloxicam-loaded liposomes","volume":"9","author":"Duangjit","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"37","article-title":"Fabrication and characterization of sildenafil citrate loaded transfersomes as a carrier for transdermal drug delivery","volume":"5","author":"Zaky","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharm. Pharmacol. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2018.01.005","article-title":"Surfactant Effects on Lipid-Based Vesicles Properties","volume":"107","author":"Bnyan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1517\/17425247.2011.586334","article-title":"Mucoadhesive nanomedicines: Characterization and modulation of mucoadhesion at the nanoscale","volume":"8","author":"Bahia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5173(03)00183-2","article-title":"Particle size of liposomes influences dermal delivery of substances into skin","volume":"258","author":"Verma","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Danaei, M., Dehghankhold, M., Ataei, S., Davarani, F.H., Javanmard, R., Dokhani, A., Khorasani, S., and Mozafari, M.R. (2018). Impact of Particle Size and Polydispersity Index on the Clinical Applications of Lipidic Nanocarrier Systems. Pharmaceutics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics10020057"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2011.02.006","article-title":"Skin penetration and deposition of carboxyfluorescein and temoporfin from different lipid vesicular systems: In vitro study with finite and infinite dosage application","volume":"408","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-016-5687-4","article-title":"Phycocyanin-encapsulating hyalurosomes as carrier for skin delivery and protection from oxidative stress damage","volume":"27","author":"Castangia","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2155","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-018-1020-5","article-title":"Dry Gel Containing Optimized Felodipine-Loaded Transferosomes: A Promising Transdermal Delivery System to Enhance Drug Bioavailability","volume":"19","author":"Kassem","year":"2018","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16143","DOI":"10.1039\/D0NR03357J","article-title":"Co-loading of finasteride and baicalin in phospholipid vesicles tailored for the treatment of hair disorders","volume":"12","author":"Caddeo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"120051","article-title":"Comprehensive analysis of liposome formulation parameters and their influence on encapsulation, stability and drug release in glibenclamide liposomes","volume":"5","author":"Maritim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4485","DOI":"10.1021\/ja210989h","article-title":"Inverse-phosphocholine lipids: A remix of a common phospholipid","volume":"134","author":"Perttu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7720","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00445a030","article-title":"Electric charge effects on phospholipid headgroups. Phosphatidylcholine in mixtures with cationic and anionic amphiphiles","volume":"28","author":"Scherer","year":"1989","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2013.04.035","article-title":"Nanopharmaceuticals for improved topical vaginal therapy: Can they deliver?","volume":"50","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2345","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S98547","article-title":"Rationally designed nanocarriers for intranasal therapy of allergic rhinitis: Influence of carrier type on in vivo nasal deposition","volume":"11","author":"Sallam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2011.08.010","article-title":"Dry powders based on PLGA nanoparticles for pulmonary delivery of antibiotics: Modulation of encapsulation efficiency, release rate and lung deposition pattern by hydrophilic polymers","volume":"157","author":"Ungaro","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2014.07.010","article-title":"Mucoadhesive polymers in the design of nano-drug delivery systems for administration by non-parenteral routes: A review","volume":"39","author":"Sosnik","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2016.01.002","article-title":"Candida albicans biofilms: Development, regulation, and molecular mechanisms","volume":"18","author":"Gulati","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2018.11.011","article-title":"Biofilms and vulvovaginal candidiasis","volume":"174","author":"Gregorio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"171","article-title":"Rhamnolipid and surfactin: Anti-adhesion\/antibiofilm and antimicrobial effects","volume":"23","author":"Santiago","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Control."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paraszkiewicz, K., Moryl, M., P\u0142aza, G., Bhagat, D., Satpute, S.K., and Bernat, P. (2019). Surfactants of microbial origin as antibiofilm agents. Int. J. Environ. Heal. Res., 1\u201320.","DOI":"10.1080\/09603123.2019.1664729"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Itapary Dos Santos, C., Ramos Fran\u00e7a, Y., Duarte Lima Campos, C., Quaresma Bomfim, M.R., Oliveira Melo, B., Assun\u00e7\u00e3o Holanda, R., Santos, V.L., Gomes Monteiro, S., Buozzi Moffa, E., and Souza Monteiro, A. (2019). Antifungal and antivirulence activity of vaginal Lactobacillus spp. products against Candida vaginal isolates. Pathogens, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens8030150"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780601039607","article-title":"Potential role of high molecular weight hyaluronan in the anti-Candida activity of human oral epithelial cells","volume":"45","author":"Sakai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6974","DOI":"10.4081\/mm.2017.6974","article-title":"In vitro effects of glycyrrhetinic acid and hyaluronic acid on the growth of vulvovaginal Candida albicans and other yeasts","volume":"32","author":"Stevan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiol. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, S., Rodrigues, C.F., Ara\u00fajo, D., Rodrigues, M.E., and Henriques, M. (2017). Candida species biofilms\u2019 antifungal resistance. J. Fungi, 3.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof3010008"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2329","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-011-4408-2","article-title":"Influence of hyaluronic acid on bacterial and fungal species, including clinically relevant opportunistic pathogens","volume":"22","author":"Ardizzoni","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.12254","article-title":"Antiadhesive and antibiofilm activity of hyaluronic acid against bacteria responsible for respiratory tract infections","volume":"122","author":"Drago","year":"2014","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2015.11.010","article-title":"Polysaccharide-based antibiofilm surfaces","volume":"30","author":"Junter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.7150\/jbji.17705","article-title":"Hyaluronic acid and its composites as a local antimicrobial\/antiadhesive barrier","volume":"2","author":"Bortolin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Infect."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2011.04.016","article-title":"Physicochemical characterization of drug-loaded rigid and elastic vesicles","volume":"412","author":"Uchino","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2015.03.004","article-title":"Chitosan based micro- and nanoparticles for colon-targeted delivery of vancomycin prepared by alternative processing method","volume":"92","author":"Cerchiara","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/10\/1\/33\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:06:07Z","timestamp":1760159167000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/10\/1\/33"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics10010033"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics10010033","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]]}}}