{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T10:52:16Z","timestamp":1793789536091,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,18]],"date-time":"2021-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610928000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019R1C1C1002490"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019R1C1C1002490"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014188","name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020R1A2C1005867"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1A2C1005867"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014188","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Global Research Development Center","award":["2018K1A4A3A01064257"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018K1A4A3A01064257"]}]},{"name":"Priority Research Center","award":["2019R1A6A1A11034536"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019R1A6A1A11034536"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria are increasing due to the abuse and misuse of antibiotics, and nosocomial infections by MDR bacteria are also increasing. The aim of this study was to identify new substances that can target MDR bacteria among 12 plant extracts that are known to have antibacterial effects. The experiments were performed by the disk diffusion test and microdilution minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test, as described by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). By screening against methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), grapefruit seed extract (GSE) was selected from 12 plant extracts for subsequent experiments. GSE showed antibacterial effects against methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA) in the disk diffusion test. Even at the lowest concentration, GSE showed antibacterial activity in the microdilution MIC test. As a result, we can conclude that GSE is a naturally derived antibacterial substance that exhibits a favorable antibacterial effect even at a very low concentration, so it is a good candidate for a natural substance that can be used to prevent or reduce nosocomial infections as coating for materials used in medical contexts or by mixing a small amount with other materials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10010085","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,18]],"date-time":"2021-01-18T05:17:34Z","timestamp":1610947054000},"page":"85","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Grapefruit Seed Extract as a Natural Derived Antibacterial Substance against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Hee-Won","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do 31116, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do 31116, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3613-5380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin-Hwan","family":"Kwak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Science, Handong Global University, 558 Handong-ro, Pohang, Gyeongsangbuk-do 37554, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tae-Su","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pre-Medi, College of Medicine, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do 31116, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3917-3446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan Campbell","family":"Knowles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do 31116, Korea"},{"name":"UCL Eastman-Korea Dental Medicine Innovation Centre, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do 31116, Korea"},{"name":"Division of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hae-Won","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do 31116, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do 31116, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do 31116, Korea"},{"name":"Cell &amp; Matter Institute, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do 31116, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Regenerative Dental Medicine, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do 31116, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hae-Hyoung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do 31116, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do 31116, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do 31116, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8678-5459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jung-Hwan","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do 31116, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do 31116, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do 31116, Korea"},{"name":"Cell &amp; Matter Institute, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do 31116, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Regenerative Dental Medicine, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do 31116, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5219.124-a","article-title":"\u201cCelbenin\u201d-resistant staphylococci","volume":"1","author":"Jevons","year":"1961","journal-title":"Br. 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